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Setting Up Ansible for AWS with Dynamic Inventory (EC2)

If your Ansible inventory fluctuates over time, with hosts spinning up and shutting down in response to business demands, the static inventory solutions described in Working with Inventory will not serve your needs. You may need to track hosts from multiple sources

Ansible integrates all of these options via a dynamic external inventory system. Ansible supports two ways to connect with external inventory: Inventory Plugins and inventory scripts.

If you use Amazon Web Services EC2, maintaining an inventory file might not be the best approach, because hosts may come and go over time, be managed by external applications, or you might even be using AWS autoscaling. For this reason, you can use the EC2 external inventory script.

You can use this script in one of two ways.

The easiest is to use Ansible’s -i command-line option and specify the path to the script after marking it executable:

ansible -i ec2.py -u phoenix us-east-1d -m ping

1

ansible -i ec2.py -u phoenix us-east-1d -m ping
The second option is to copy the script to /etc/ansible/hosts and chmod +x it. You will also need to copy the ec2.ini file to /etc/ansible/ec2.ini. Then you can run ansible as you would normally.

export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID='AK123'
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY='abc123'

1 2	export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID='AK123' export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY='abc123'

You can test the script by itself to make sure your config is correct:

cd contrib/inventory
./ec2.py --list

1 2	cd contrib/inventory ./ec2.py --list

After a few moments, you should see your entire EC2 inventory across all regions in JSON.

If you use Boto profiles to manage multiple AWS accounts, you can pass --profile PROFILE name to the ec2.py script.

You can then run ec2.py --profile prod to get the inventory for the prod account, although this option is not supported by ansible-playbook. You can also use the AWS_PROFILE variable – for example:

AWS_PROFILE=prod ansible-playbook -i ec2.py myplaybook.yml

1	AWS_PROFILE=prod ansible-playbook -i ec2.py myplaybook.yml

ec2.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

'''
EC2 external inventory script
=================================

Generates inventory that Ansible can understand by making API request to
AWS EC2 using the Boto library.

NOTE: This script assumes Ansible is being executed where the environment
variables needed for Boto have already been set:
    export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID='AK123'
    export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY='abc123'

Optional region environment variable if region is 'auto'

This script also assumes that there is an ec2.ini file alongside it.  To specify a
different path to ec2.ini, define the EC2_INI_PATH environment variable:

    export EC2_INI_PATH=/path/to/my_ec2.ini

If you're using eucalyptus you need to set the above variables and
you need to define:

    export EC2_URL=http://hostname_of_your_cc:port/services/Eucalyptus

If you're using boto profiles (requires boto>=2.24.0) you can choose a profile
using the --boto-profile command line argument (e.g. ec2.py --boto-profile prod) or using
the AWS_PROFILE variable:

    AWS_PROFILE=prod ansible-playbook -i ec2.py myplaybook.yml

For more details, see: http://docs.pythonboto.org/en/latest/boto_config_tut.html

You can filter for specific EC2 instances by creating an environment variable
named EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS, which has the same format as the instance_filters
entry documented in ec2.ini.  For example, to find all hosts whose name begins
with 'webserver', one might use:

    export EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS='tag:Name=webserver*'

When run against a specific host, this script returns the following variables:
 - ec2_ami_launch_index
 - ec2_architecture
 - ec2_association
 - ec2_attachTime
 - ec2_attachment
 - ec2_attachmentId
 - ec2_block_devices
 - ec2_client_token
 - ec2_deleteOnTermination
 - ec2_description
 - ec2_deviceIndex
 - ec2_dns_name
 - ec2_eventsSet
 - ec2_group_name
 - ec2_hypervisor
 - ec2_id
 - ec2_image_id
 - ec2_instanceState
 - ec2_instance_type
 - ec2_ipOwnerId
 - ec2_ip_address
 - ec2_item
 - ec2_kernel
 - ec2_key_name
 - ec2_launch_time
 - ec2_monitored
 - ec2_monitoring
 - ec2_networkInterfaceId
 - ec2_ownerId
 - ec2_persistent
 - ec2_placement
 - ec2_platform
 - ec2_previous_state
 - ec2_private_dns_name
 - ec2_private_ip_address
 - ec2_publicIp
 - ec2_public_dns_name
 - ec2_ramdisk
 - ec2_reason
 - ec2_region
 - ec2_requester_id
 - ec2_root_device_name
 - ec2_root_device_type
 - ec2_security_group_ids
 - ec2_security_group_names
 - ec2_shutdown_state
 - ec2_sourceDestCheck
 - ec2_spot_instance_request_id
 - ec2_state
 - ec2_state_code
 - ec2_state_reason
 - ec2_status
 - ec2_subnet_id
 - ec2_tenancy
 - ec2_virtualization_type
 - ec2_vpc_id

These variables are pulled out of a boto.ec2.instance object. There is a lack of
consistency with variable spellings (camelCase and underscores) since this
just loops through all variables the object exposes. It is preferred to use the
ones with underscores when multiple exist.

In addition, if an instance has AWS tags associated with it, each tag is a new
variable named:
 - ec2_tag_[Key] = [Value]

Security groups are comma-separated in 'ec2_security_group_ids' and
'ec2_security_group_names'.

When destination_format and destination_format_tags are specified
the destination_format can be built from the instance tags and attributes.
The behavior will first check the user defined tags, then proceed to
check instance attributes, and finally if neither are found 'nil' will
be used instead.

'my_instance': {
    'region': 'us-east-1',             # attribute
    'availability_zone': 'us-east-1a', # attribute
    'private_dns_name': '172.31.0.1',  # attribute
    'ec2_tag_deployment': 'blue',      # tag
    'ec2_tag_clusterid': 'ansible',    # tag
    'ec2_tag_Name': 'webserver',       # tag
    ...
}

Inside of the ec2.ini file the following settings are specified:
...
destination_format: {0}-{1}-{2}-{3}
destination_format_tags: Name,clusterid,deployment,private_dns_name
...

These settings would produce a destination_format as the following:
'webserver-ansible-blue-172.31.0.1'
'''

# (c) 2012, Peter Sankauskas
#
# This file is part of Ansible,
#
# Ansible is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# Ansible is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with Ansible.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

######################################################################

import sys
import os
import argparse
import re
from time import time
from copy import deepcopy
from datetime import date, datetime
import boto
from boto import ec2
from boto import rds
from boto import elasticache
from boto import route53
from boto import sts

from ansible.module_utils import six
from ansible.module_utils import ec2 as ec2_utils
from ansible.module_utils.six.moves import configparser

HAS_BOTO3 = False
try:
    import boto3  # noqa
    HAS_BOTO3 = True
except ImportError:
    pass

from collections import defaultdict

import json

DEFAULTS = {
    'all_elasticache_clusters': 'False',
    'all_elasticache_nodes': 'False',
    'all_elasticache_replication_groups': 'False',
    'all_instances': 'False',
    'all_rds_instances': 'False',
    'aws_access_key_id': '',
    'aws_secret_access_key': '',
    'aws_security_token': '',
    'boto_profile': '',
    'cache_max_age': '300',
    'cache_path': '~/.ansible/tmp',
    'destination_variable': 'public_dns_name',
    'elasticache': 'True',
    'eucalyptus': 'False',
    'eucalyptus_host': '',
    'expand_csv_tags': 'False',
    'group_by_ami_id': 'True',
    'group_by_availability_zone': 'True',
    'group_by_aws_account': 'False',
    'group_by_elasticache_cluster': 'True',
    'group_by_elasticache_engine': 'True',
    'group_by_elasticache_parameter_group': 'True',
    'group_by_elasticache_replication_group': 'True',
    'group_by_instance_id': 'True',
    'group_by_instance_state': 'False',
    'group_by_instance_type': 'True',
    'group_by_key_pair': 'True',
    'group_by_platform': 'True',
    'group_by_rds_engine': 'True',
    'group_by_rds_parameter_group': 'True',
    'group_by_region': 'True',
    'group_by_route53_names': 'True',
    'group_by_security_group': 'True',
    'group_by_tag_keys': 'True',
    'group_by_tag_none': 'True',
    'group_by_vpc_id': 'True',
    'hostname_variable': '',
    'iam_role': '',
    'include_rds_clusters': 'False',
    'nested_groups': 'False',
    'pattern_exclude': '',
    'pattern_include': '',
    'rds': 'False',
    'regions': 'all',
    'regions_exclude': 'us-gov-west-1, cn-north-1',
    'replace_dash_in_groups': 'True',
    'route53': 'False',
    'route53_excluded_zones': '',
    'route53_hostnames': '',
    'stack_filters': 'False',
    'vpc_destination_variable': 'ip_address'
}


class Ec2Inventory(object):

    def _empty_inventory(self):
        return {"_meta": {"hostvars": {}}}

    def _json_serial(self, obj):
        """JSON serializer for objects not serializable by default json code"""

        if isinstance(obj, (datetime, date)):
            return obj.isoformat()
        raise TypeError("Type %s not serializable" % type(obj))

    def __init__(self):
        ''' Main execution path '''

        # Inventory grouped by instance IDs, tags, security groups, regions,
        # and availability zones
        self.inventory = self._empty_inventory()

        self.aws_account_id = None

        # Index of hostname (address) to instance ID
        self.index = {}

        # Boto profile to use (if any)
        self.boto_profile = None

        # AWS credentials.
        self.credentials = {}

        # Read settings and parse CLI arguments
        self.parse_cli_args()
        self.read_settings()

        # Make sure that profile_name is not passed at all if not set
        # as pre 2.24 boto will fall over otherwise
        if self.boto_profile:
            if not hasattr(boto.ec2.EC2Connection, 'profile_name'):
                self.fail_with_error("boto version must be >= 2.24 to use profile")

        # Cache
        if self.args.refresh_cache:
            self.do_api_calls_update_cache()
        elif not self.is_cache_valid():
            self.do_api_calls_update_cache()

        # Data to print
        if self.args.host:
            data_to_print = self.get_host_info()

        elif self.args.list:
            # Display list of instances for inventory
            if self.inventory == self._empty_inventory():
                data_to_print = self.get_inventory_from_cache()
            else:
                data_to_print = self.json_format_dict(self.inventory, True)

        print(data_to_print)

    def is_cache_valid(self):
        ''' Determines if the cache files have expired, or if it is still valid '''

        if os.path.isfile(self.cache_path_cache):
            mod_time = os.path.getmtime(self.cache_path_cache)
            current_time = time()
            if (mod_time + self.cache_max_age) > current_time:
                if os.path.isfile(self.cache_path_index):
                    return True

        return False

    def read_settings(self):
        ''' Reads the settings from the ec2.ini file '''

        scriptbasename = __file__
        scriptbasename = os.path.basename(scriptbasename)
        scriptbasename = scriptbasename.replace('.py', '')

        defaults = {
            'ec2': {
                'ini_fallback': os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'ec2.ini'),
                'ini_path': os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '%s.ini' % scriptbasename)
            }
        }

        if six.PY3:
            config = configparser.ConfigParser(DEFAULTS)
        else:
            config = configparser.SafeConfigParser(DEFAULTS)
        ec2_ini_path = os.environ.get('EC2_INI_PATH', defaults['ec2']['ini_path'])
        ec2_ini_path = os.path.expanduser(os.path.expandvars(ec2_ini_path))

        if not os.path.isfile(ec2_ini_path):
            ec2_ini_path = os.path.expanduser(defaults['ec2']['ini_fallback'])

        if os.path.isfile(ec2_ini_path):
            config.read(ec2_ini_path)

        # Add empty sections if they don't exist
        try:
            config.add_section('ec2')
        except configparser.DuplicateSectionError:
            pass

        try:
            config.add_section('credentials')
        except configparser.DuplicateSectionError:
            pass

        # is eucalyptus?
        self.eucalyptus = config.getboolean('ec2', 'eucalyptus')
        self.eucalyptus_host = config.get('ec2', 'eucalyptus_host')

        # Regions
        self.regions = []
        config_regions = config.get('ec2', 'regions')
        if (config_regions == 'all'):
            if self.eucalyptus_host:
                self.regions.append(boto.connect_euca(host=self.eucalyptus_host).region.name, **self.credentials)
            else:
                config_regions_exclude = config.get('ec2', 'regions_exclude')

                for region_info in ec2.regions():
                    if region_info.name not in config_regions_exclude:
                        self.regions.append(region_info.name)
        else:
            self.regions = config_regions.split(",")
        if 'auto' in self.regions:
            env_region = os.environ.get('AWS_REGION')
            if env_region is None:
                env_region = os.environ.get('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION')
            self.regions = [env_region]

        # Destination addresses
        self.destination_variable = config.get('ec2', 'destination_variable')
        self.vpc_destination_variable = config.get('ec2', 'vpc_destination_variable')
        self.hostname_variable = config.get('ec2', 'hostname_variable')

        if config.has_option('ec2', 'destination_format') and \
           config.has_option('ec2', 'destination_format_tags'):
            self.destination_format = config.get('ec2', 'destination_format')
            self.destination_format_tags = config.get('ec2', 'destination_format_tags').split(',')
        else:
            self.destination_format = None
            self.destination_format_tags = None

        # Route53
        self.route53_enabled = config.getboolean('ec2', 'route53')
        self.route53_hostnames = config.get('ec2', 'route53_hostnames')

        self.route53_excluded_zones = []
        self.route53_excluded_zones = [a for a in config.get('ec2', 'route53_excluded_zones').split(',') if a]

        # Include RDS instances?
        self.rds_enabled = config.getboolean('ec2', 'rds')

        # Include RDS cluster instances?
        self.include_rds_clusters = config.getboolean('ec2', 'include_rds_clusters')

        # Include ElastiCache instances?
        self.elasticache_enabled = config.getboolean('ec2', 'elasticache')

        # Return all EC2 instances?
        self.all_instances = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_instances')

        # Instance states to be gathered in inventory. Default is 'running'.
        # Setting 'all_instances' to 'yes' overrides this option.
        ec2_valid_instance_states = [
            'pending',
            'running',
            'shutting-down',
            'terminated',
            'stopping',
            'stopped'
        ]
        self.ec2_instance_states = []
        if self.all_instances:
            self.ec2_instance_states = ec2_valid_instance_states
        elif config.has_option('ec2', 'instance_states'):
            for instance_state in config.get('ec2', 'instance_states').split(','):
                instance_state = instance_state.strip()
                if instance_state not in ec2_valid_instance_states:
                    continue
                self.ec2_instance_states.append(instance_state)
        else:
            self.ec2_instance_states = ['running']

        # Return all RDS instances? (if RDS is enabled)
        self.all_rds_instances = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_rds_instances')

        # Return all ElastiCache replication groups? (if ElastiCache is enabled)
        self.all_elasticache_replication_groups = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_elasticache_replication_groups')

        # Return all ElastiCache clusters? (if ElastiCache is enabled)
        self.all_elasticache_clusters = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_elasticache_clusters')

        # Return all ElastiCache nodes? (if ElastiCache is enabled)
        self.all_elasticache_nodes = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_elasticache_nodes')

        # boto configuration profile (prefer CLI argument then environment variables then config file)
        self.boto_profile = self.args.boto_profile or \
            os.environ.get('AWS_PROFILE') or \
            config.get('ec2', 'boto_profile')

        # AWS credentials (prefer environment variables)
        if not (self.boto_profile or os.environ.get('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID') or
                os.environ.get('AWS_PROFILE')):

            aws_access_key_id = config.get('credentials', 'aws_access_key_id')
            aws_secret_access_key = config.get('credentials', 'aws_secret_access_key')
            aws_security_token = config.get('credentials', 'aws_security_token')

            if aws_access_key_id:
                self.credentials = {
                    'aws_access_key_id': aws_access_key_id,
                    'aws_secret_access_key': aws_secret_access_key
                }
                if aws_security_token:
                    self.credentials['security_token'] = aws_security_token

        # Cache related
        cache_dir = os.path.expanduser(config.get('ec2', 'cache_path'))
        if self.boto_profile:
            cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, 'profile_' + self.boto_profile)
        if not os.path.exists(cache_dir):
            os.makedirs(cache_dir)

        cache_name = 'ansible-ec2'
        cache_id = self.boto_profile or os.environ.get('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID', self.credentials.get('aws_access_key_id'))
        if cache_id:
            cache_name = '%s-%s' % (cache_name, cache_id)
        cache_name += '-' + str(abs(hash(__file__)))[1:7]
        self.cache_path_cache = os.path.join(cache_dir, "%s.cache" % cache_name)
        self.cache_path_index = os.path.join(cache_dir, "%s.index" % cache_name)
        self.cache_max_age = config.getint('ec2', 'cache_max_age')

        self.expand_csv_tags = config.getboolean('ec2', 'expand_csv_tags')

        # Configure nested groups instead of flat namespace.
        self.nested_groups = config.getboolean('ec2', 'nested_groups')

        # Replace dash or not in group names
        self.replace_dash_in_groups = config.getboolean('ec2', 'replace_dash_in_groups')

        # IAM role to assume for connection
        self.iam_role = config.get('ec2', 'iam_role')

        # Configure which groups should be created.

        group_by_options = [a for a in DEFAULTS if a.startswith('group_by')]
        for option in group_by_options:
            setattr(self, option, config.getboolean('ec2', option))

        # Do we need to just include hosts that match a pattern?
        self.pattern_include = config.get('ec2', 'pattern_include')
        if self.pattern_include:
            self.pattern_include = re.compile(self.pattern_include)

        # Do we need to exclude hosts that match a pattern?
        self.pattern_exclude = config.get('ec2', 'pattern_exclude')
        if self.pattern_exclude:
            self.pattern_exclude = re.compile(self.pattern_exclude)

        # Do we want to stack multiple filters?
        self.stack_filters = config.getboolean('ec2', 'stack_filters')

        # Instance filters (see boto and EC2 API docs). Ignore invalid filters.
        self.ec2_instance_filters = []

        if config.has_option('ec2', 'instance_filters') or 'EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS' in os.environ:
            filters = os.getenv('EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS', config.get('ec2', 'instance_filters') if config.has_option('ec2', 'instance_filters') else '')

            if self.stack_filters and '&' in filters:
                self.fail_with_error("AND filters along with stack_filter enabled is not supported.\n")

            filter_sets = [f for f in filters.split(',') if f]

            for filter_set in filter_sets:
                filters = {}
                filter_set = filter_set.strip()
                for instance_filter in filter_set.split("&"):
                    instance_filter = instance_filter.strip()
                    if not instance_filter or '=' not in instance_filter:
                        continue
                    filter_key, filter_value = [x.strip() for x in instance_filter.split('=', 1)]
                    if not filter_key:
                        continue
                    filters[filter_key] = filter_value
                self.ec2_instance_filters.append(filters.copy())

    def parse_cli_args(self):
        ''' Command line argument processing '''

        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Produce an Ansible Inventory file based on EC2')
        parser.add_argument('--list', action='store_true', default=True,
                            help='List instances (default: True)')
        parser.add_argument('--host', action='store',
                            help='Get all the variables about a specific instance')
        parser.add_argument('--refresh-cache', action='store_true', default=False,
                            help='Force refresh of cache by making API requests to EC2 (default: False - use cache files)')
        parser.add_argument('--profile', '--boto-profile', action='store', dest='boto_profile',
                            help='Use boto profile for connections to EC2')
        self.args = parser.parse_args()

    def do_api_calls_update_cache(self):
        ''' Do API calls to each region, and save data in cache files '''

        if self.route53_enabled:
            self.get_route53_records()

        for region in self.regions:
            self.get_instances_by_region(region)
            if self.rds_enabled:
                self.get_rds_instances_by_region(region)
            if self.elasticache_enabled:
                self.get_elasticache_clusters_by_region(region)
                self.get_elasticache_replication_groups_by_region(region)
            if self.include_rds_clusters:
                self.include_rds_clusters_by_region(region)

        self.write_to_cache(self.inventory, self.cache_path_cache)
        self.write_to_cache(self.index, self.cache_path_index)

    def connect(self, region):
        ''' create connection to api server'''
        if self.eucalyptus:
            conn = boto.connect_euca(host=self.eucalyptus_host, **self.credentials)
            conn.APIVersion = '2010-08-31'
        else:
            conn = self.connect_to_aws(ec2, region)
        return conn

    def boto_fix_security_token_in_profile(self, connect_args):
        ''' monkey patch for boto issue boto/boto#2100 '''
        profile = 'profile ' + self.boto_profile
        if boto.config.has_option(profile, 'aws_security_token'):
            connect_args['security_token'] = boto.config.get(profile, 'aws_security_token')
        return connect_args

    def connect_to_aws(self, module, region):
        connect_args = deepcopy(self.credentials)

        # only pass the profile name if it's set (as it is not supported by older boto versions)
        if self.boto_profile:
            connect_args['profile_name'] = self.boto_profile
            self.boto_fix_security_token_in_profile(connect_args)
        elif os.environ.get('AWS_SESSION_TOKEN'):
            connect_args['security_token'] = os.environ.get('AWS_SESSION_TOKEN')

        if self.iam_role:
            sts_conn = sts.connect_to_region(region, **connect_args)
            role = sts_conn.assume_role(self.iam_role, 'ansible_dynamic_inventory')
            connect_args['aws_access_key_id'] = role.credentials.access_key
            connect_args['aws_secret_access_key'] = role.credentials.secret_key
            connect_args['security_token'] = role.credentials.session_token

        conn = module.connect_to_region(region, **connect_args)
        # connect_to_region will fail "silently" by returning None if the region name is wrong or not supported
        if conn is None:
            self.fail_with_error("region name: %s likely not supported, or AWS is down.  connection to region failed." % region)
        return conn

    def get_instances_by_region(self, region):
        ''' Makes an AWS EC2 API call to the list of instances in a particular
        region '''

        try:
            conn = self.connect(region)
            reservations = []
            if self.ec2_instance_filters:
                if self.stack_filters:
                    filters_dict = {}
                    for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:
                        filters_dict.update(filters)
                    reservations.extend(conn.get_all_instances(filters=filters_dict))
                else:
                    for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:
                        reservations.extend(conn.get_all_instances(filters=filters))
            else:
                reservations = conn.get_all_instances()

            # Pull the tags back in a second step
            # AWS are on record as saying that the tags fetched in the first `get_all_instances` request are not
            # reliable and may be missing, and the only way to guarantee they are there is by calling `get_all_tags`
            instance_ids = []
            for reservation in reservations:
                instance_ids.extend([instance.id for instance in reservation.instances])

            max_filter_value = 199
            tags = []
            for i in range(0, len(instance_ids), max_filter_value):
                tags.extend(conn.get_all_tags(filters={'resource-type': 'instance', 'resource-id': instance_ids[i:i + max_filter_value]}))

            tags_by_instance_id = defaultdict(dict)
            for tag in tags:
                tags_by_instance_id[tag.res_id][tag.name] = tag.value

            if (not self.aws_account_id) and reservations:
                self.aws_account_id = reservations[0].owner_id

            for reservation in reservations:
                for instance in reservation.instances:
                    instance.tags = tags_by_instance_id[instance.id]
                    self.add_instance(instance, region)

        except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
            if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':
                error = self.get_auth_error_message()
            else:
                backend = 'Eucalyptus' if self.eucalyptus else 'AWS'
                error = "Error connecting to %s backend.\n%s" % (backend, e.message)
            self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting EC2 instances')

    def tags_match_filters(self, tags):
        ''' return True if given tags match configured filters '''
        if not self.ec2_instance_filters:
            return True

        for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:
            for filter_name, filter_value in filters.items():
                if filter_name[:4] != 'tag:':
                    continue
                filter_name = filter_name[4:]
                if filter_name not in tags:
                    if self.stack_filters:
                        return False
                    continue
                if isinstance(filter_value, list):
                    if self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] not in filter_value:
                        return False
                    if not self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] in filter_value:
                        return True
                if isinstance(filter_value, six.string_types):
                    if self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] != filter_value:
                        return False
                    if not self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] == filter_value:
                        return True

        return self.stack_filters

    def get_rds_instances_by_region(self, region):
        ''' Makes an AWS API call to the list of RDS instances in a particular
        region '''

        if not HAS_BOTO3:
            self.fail_with_error("Working with RDS instances requires boto3 - please install boto3 and try again",
                                 "getting RDS instances")

        client = ec2_utils.boto3_inventory_conn('client', 'rds', region, **self.credentials)
        db_instances = client.describe_db_instances()

        try:
            conn = self.connect_to_aws(rds, region)
            if conn:
                marker = None
                while True:
                    instances = conn.get_all_dbinstances(marker=marker)
                    marker = instances.marker
                    for index, instance in enumerate(instances):
                        # Add tags to instances.
                        instance.arn = db_instances['DBInstances'][index]['DBInstanceArn']
                        tags = client.list_tags_for_resource(ResourceName=instance.arn)['TagList']
                        instance.tags = {}
                        for tag in tags:
                            instance.tags[tag['Key']] = tag['Value']
                        if self.tags_match_filters(instance.tags):
                            self.add_rds_instance(instance, region)
                    if not marker:
                        break
        except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
            error = e.reason

            if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':
                error = self.get_auth_error_message()
            elif e.error_code == "OptInRequired":
                error = "RDS hasn't been enabled for this account yet. " \
                    "You must either log in to the RDS service through the AWS console to enable it, " \
                    "or set 'rds = False' in ec2.ini"
            elif not e.reason == "Forbidden":
                error = "Looks like AWS RDS is down:\n%s" % e.message
            self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting RDS instances')

    def include_rds_clusters_by_region(self, region):
        if not HAS_BOTO3:
            self.fail_with_error("Working with RDS clusters requires boto3 - please install boto3 and try again",
                                 "getting RDS clusters")

        client = ec2_utils.boto3_inventory_conn('client', 'rds', region, **self.credentials)

        marker, clusters = '', []
        while marker is not None:
            resp = client.describe_db_clusters(Marker=marker)
            clusters.extend(resp["DBClusters"])
            marker = resp.get('Marker', None)

        account_id = boto.connect_iam().get_user().arn.split(':')[4]
        c_dict = {}
        for c in clusters:
            if not self.ec2_instance_filters:
                matches_filter = True
            else:
                matches_filter = False

            try:
                # arn:aws:rds:<region>:<account number>:<resourcetype>:<name>
                tags = client.list_tags_for_resource(
                    ResourceName='arn:aws:rds:' + region + ':' + account_id + ':cluster:' + c['DBClusterIdentifier'])
                c['Tags'] = tags['TagList']

                if self.ec2_instance_filters:
                    for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:
                        for filter_key, filter_values in filters.items():
                            # get AWS tag key e.g. tag:env will be 'env'
                            tag_name = filter_key.split(":", 1)[1]
                            # Filter values is a list (if you put multiple values for the same tag name)
                            matches_filter = any(d['Key'] == tag_name and d['Value'] in filter_values for d in c['Tags'])

                            if matches_filter:
                                # it matches a filter, so stop looking for further matches
                                break

                        if matches_filter:
                            break

            except Exception as e:
                if e.message.find('DBInstanceNotFound') >= 0:
                    # AWS RDS bug (2016-01-06) means deletion does not fully complete and leave an 'empty' cluster.
                    # Ignore errors when trying to find tags for these
                    pass

            # ignore empty clusters caused by AWS bug
            if len(c['DBClusterMembers']) == 0:
                continue
            elif matches_filter:
                c_dict[c['DBClusterIdentifier']] = c

        self.inventory['db_clusters'] = c_dict

    def get_elasticache_clusters_by_region(self, region):
        ''' Makes an AWS API call to the list of ElastiCache clusters (with
        nodes' info) in a particular region.'''

        # ElastiCache boto module doesn't provide a get_all_instances method,
        # that's why we need to call describe directly (it would be called by
        # the shorthand method anyway...)
        clusters = []
        try:
            conn = self.connect_to_aws(elasticache, region)
            if conn:
                # show_cache_node_info = True
                # because we also want nodes' information
                _marker = 1
                while _marker:
                    if _marker == 1:
                        _marker = None
                    response = conn.describe_cache_clusters(None, None, _marker, True)
                    _marker = response['DescribeCacheClustersResponse']['DescribeCacheClustersResult']['Marker']
                    try:
                        # Boto also doesn't provide wrapper classes to CacheClusters or
                        # CacheNodes. Because of that we can't make use of the get_list
                        # method in the AWSQueryConnection. Let's do the work manually
                        clusters = clusters + response['DescribeCacheClustersResponse']['DescribeCacheClustersResult']['CacheClusters']
                    except KeyError as e:
                        error = "ElastiCache query to AWS failed (unexpected format)."
                        self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')
        except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
            error = e.reason

            if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':
                error = self.get_auth_error_message()
            elif e.error_code == "OptInRequired":
                error = "ElastiCache hasn't been enabled for this account yet. " \
                    "You must either log in to the ElastiCache service through the AWS console to enable it, " \
                    "or set 'elasticache = False' in ec2.ini"
            elif not e.reason == "Forbidden":
                error = "Looks like AWS ElastiCache is down:\n%s" % e.message
            self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')

        for cluster in clusters:
            self.add_elasticache_cluster(cluster, region)

    def get_elasticache_replication_groups_by_region(self, region):
        ''' Makes an AWS API call to the list of ElastiCache replication groups
        in a particular region.'''

        # ElastiCache boto module doesn't provide a get_all_instances method,
        # that's why we need to call describe directly (it would be called by
        # the shorthand method anyway...)
        try:
            conn = self.connect_to_aws(elasticache, region)
            if conn:
                response = conn.describe_replication_groups()

        except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:
            error = e.reason

            if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':
                error = self.get_auth_error_message()
            if not e.reason == "Forbidden":
                error = "Looks like AWS ElastiCache [Replication Groups] is down:\n%s" % e.message
            self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')

        try:
            # Boto also doesn't provide wrapper classes to ReplicationGroups
            # Because of that we can't make use of the get_list method in the
            # AWSQueryConnection. Let's do the work manually
            replication_groups = response['DescribeReplicationGroupsResponse']['DescribeReplicationGroupsResult']['ReplicationGroups']

        except KeyError as e:
            error = "ElastiCache [Replication Groups] query to AWS failed (unexpected format)."
            self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')

        for replication_group in replication_groups:
            self.add_elasticache_replication_group(replication_group, region)

    def get_auth_error_message(self):
        ''' create an informative error message if there is an issue authenticating'''
        errors = ["Authentication error retrieving ec2 inventory."]
        if None in [os.environ.get('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'), os.environ.get('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY')]:
            errors.append(' - No AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID or AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment vars found')
        else:
            errors.append(' - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment vars found but may not be correct')

        boto_paths = ['/etc/boto.cfg', '~/.boto', '~/.aws/credentials']
        boto_config_found = [p for p in boto_paths if os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(p))]
        if len(boto_config_found) > 0:
            errors.append(" - Boto configs found at '%s', but the credentials contained may not be correct" % ', '.join(boto_config_found))
        else:
            errors.append(" - No Boto config found at any expected location '%s'" % ', '.join(boto_paths))

        return '\n'.join(errors)

    def fail_with_error(self, err_msg, err_operation=None):
        '''log an error to std err for ansible-playbook to consume and exit'''
        if err_operation:
            err_msg = 'ERROR: "{err_msg}", while: {err_operation}'.format(
                err_msg=err_msg, err_operation=err_operation)
        sys.stderr.write(err_msg)
        sys.exit(1)

    def get_instance(self, region, instance_id):
        conn = self.connect(region)

        reservations = conn.get_all_instances([instance_id])
        for reservation in reservations:
            for instance in reservation.instances:
                return instance

    def add_instance(self, instance, region):
        ''' Adds an instance to the inventory and index, as long as it is
        addressable '''

        # Only return instances with desired instance states
        if instance.state not in self.ec2_instance_states:
            return

        # Select the best destination address
        # When destination_format and destination_format_tags are specified
        # the following code will attempt to find the instance tags first,
        # then the instance attributes next, and finally if neither are found
        # assign nil for the desired destination format attribute.
        if self.destination_format and self.destination_format_tags:
            dest_vars = []
            inst_tags = getattr(instance, 'tags')
            for tag in self.destination_format_tags:
                if tag in inst_tags:
                    dest_vars.append(inst_tags[tag])
                elif hasattr(instance, tag):
                    dest_vars.append(getattr(instance, tag))
                else:
                    dest_vars.append('nil')

            dest = self.destination_format.format(*dest_vars)
        elif instance.subnet_id:
            dest = getattr(instance, self.vpc_destination_variable, None)
            if dest is None:
                dest = getattr(instance, 'tags').get(self.vpc_destination_variable, None)
        else:
            dest = getattr(instance, self.destination_variable, None)
            if dest is None:
                dest = getattr(instance, 'tags').get(self.destination_variable, None)

        if not dest:
            # Skip instances we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)
            return

        # Set the inventory name
        hostname = None
        if self.hostname_variable:
            if self.hostname_variable.startswith('tag_'):
                hostname = instance.tags.get(self.hostname_variable[4:], None)
            else:
                hostname = getattr(instance, self.hostname_variable)

        # set the hostname from route53
        if self.route53_enabled and self.route53_hostnames:
            route53_names = self.get_instance_route53_names(instance)
            for name in route53_names:
                if name.endswith(self.route53_hostnames):
                    hostname = name

        # If we can't get a nice hostname, use the destination address
        if not hostname:
            hostname = dest
        # to_safe strips hostname characters like dots, so don't strip route53 hostnames
        elif self.route53_enabled and self.route53_hostnames and hostname.endswith(self.route53_hostnames):
            hostname = hostname.lower()
        else:
            hostname = self.to_safe(hostname).lower()

        # if we only want to include hosts that match a pattern, skip those that don't
        if self.pattern_include and not self.pattern_include.match(hostname):
            return

        # if we need to exclude hosts that match a pattern, skip those
        if self.pattern_exclude and self.pattern_exclude.match(hostname):
            return

        # Add to index
        self.index[hostname] = [region, instance.id]

        # Inventory: Group by instance ID (always a group of 1)
        if self.group_by_instance_id:
            self.inventory[instance.id] = [hostname]
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', instance.id)

        # Inventory: Group by region
        if self.group_by_region:
            self.push(self.inventory, region, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

        # Inventory: Group by availability zone
        if self.group_by_availability_zone:
            self.push(self.inventory, instance.placement, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                if self.group_by_region:
                    self.push_group(self.inventory, region, instance.placement)
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', instance.placement)

        # Inventory: Group by Amazon Machine Image (AMI) ID
        if self.group_by_ami_id:
            ami_id = self.to_safe(instance.image_id)
            self.push(self.inventory, ami_id, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'images', ami_id)

        # Inventory: Group by instance type
        if self.group_by_instance_type:
            type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + instance.instance_type)
            self.push(self.inventory, type_name, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

        # Inventory: Group by instance state
        if self.group_by_instance_state:
            state_name = self.to_safe('instance_state_' + instance.state)
            self.push(self.inventory, state_name, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instance_states', state_name)

        # Inventory: Group by platform
        if self.group_by_platform:
            if instance.platform:
                platform = self.to_safe('platform_' + instance.platform)
            else:
                platform = self.to_safe('platform_undefined')
            self.push(self.inventory, platform, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'platforms', platform)

        # Inventory: Group by key pair
        if self.group_by_key_pair and instance.key_name:
            key_name = self.to_safe('key_' + instance.key_name)
            self.push(self.inventory, key_name, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'keys', key_name)

        # Inventory: Group by VPC
        if self.group_by_vpc_id and instance.vpc_id:
            vpc_id_name = self.to_safe('vpc_id_' + instance.vpc_id)
            self.push(self.inventory, vpc_id_name, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'vpcs', vpc_id_name)

        # Inventory: Group by security group
        if self.group_by_security_group:
            try:
                for group in instance.groups:
                    key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + group.name)
                    self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)
                    if self.nested_groups:
                        self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)
            except AttributeError:
                self.fail_with_error('\n'.join(['Package boto seems a bit older.',
                                                'Please upgrade boto >= 2.3.0.']))

        # Inventory: Group by AWS account ID
        if self.group_by_aws_account:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.aws_account_id, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'accounts', self.aws_account_id)

        # Inventory: Group by tag keys
        if self.group_by_tag_keys:
            for k, v in instance.tags.items():
                if self.expand_csv_tags and v and ',' in v:
                    values = map(lambda x: x.strip(), v.split(','))
                else:
                    values = [v]

                for v in values:
                    if v:
                        key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k + "=" + v)
                    else:
                        key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k)
                    self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)
                    if self.nested_groups:
                        self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', self.to_safe("tag_" + k))
                        if v:
                            self.push_group(self.inventory, self.to_safe("tag_" + k), key)

        # Inventory: Group by Route53 domain names if enabled
        if self.route53_enabled and self.group_by_route53_names:
            route53_names = self.get_instance_route53_names(instance)
            for name in route53_names:
                self.push(self.inventory, name, hostname)
                if self.nested_groups:
                    self.push_group(self.inventory, 'route53', name)

        # Global Tag: instances without tags
        if self.group_by_tag_none and len(instance.tags) == 0:
            self.push(self.inventory, 'tag_none', hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', 'tag_none')

        # Global Tag: tag all EC2 instances
        self.push(self.inventory, 'ec2', hostname)

        self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname] = self.get_host_info_dict_from_instance(instance)
        self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname]['ansible_host'] = dest

    def add_rds_instance(self, instance, region):
        ''' Adds an RDS instance to the inventory and index, as long as it is
        addressable '''

        # Only want available instances unless all_rds_instances is True
        if not self.all_rds_instances and instance.status != 'available':
            return

        # Select the best destination address
        dest = instance.endpoint[0]

        if not dest:
            # Skip instances we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)
            return

        # Set the inventory name
        hostname = None
        if self.hostname_variable:
            if self.hostname_variable.startswith('tag_'):
                hostname = instance.tags.get(self.hostname_variable[4:], None)
            else:
                hostname = getattr(instance, self.hostname_variable)

        # If we can't get a nice hostname, use the destination address
        if not hostname:
            hostname = dest

        hostname = self.to_safe(hostname).lower()

        # Add to index
        self.index[hostname] = [region, instance.id]

        # Inventory: Group by instance ID (always a group of 1)
        if self.group_by_instance_id:
            self.inventory[instance.id] = [hostname]
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', instance.id)

        # Inventory: Group by region
        if self.group_by_region:
            self.push(self.inventory, region, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

        # Inventory: Group by availability zone
        if self.group_by_availability_zone:
            self.push(self.inventory, instance.availability_zone, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                if self.group_by_region:
                    self.push_group(self.inventory, region, instance.availability_zone)
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', instance.availability_zone)

        # Inventory: Group by instance type
        if self.group_by_instance_type:
            type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + instance.instance_class)
            self.push(self.inventory, type_name, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

        # Inventory: Group by VPC
        if self.group_by_vpc_id and instance.subnet_group and instance.subnet_group.vpc_id:
            vpc_id_name = self.to_safe('vpc_id_' + instance.subnet_group.vpc_id)
            self.push(self.inventory, vpc_id_name, hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'vpcs', vpc_id_name)

        # Inventory: Group by security group
        if self.group_by_security_group:
            try:
                if instance.security_group:
                    key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + instance.security_group.name)
                    self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)
                    if self.nested_groups:
                        self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)

            except AttributeError:
                self.fail_with_error('\n'.join(['Package boto seems a bit older.',
                                                'Please upgrade boto >= 2.3.0.']))
        # Inventory: Group by tag keys
        if self.group_by_tag_keys:
            for k, v in instance.tags.items():
                if self.expand_csv_tags and v and ',' in v:
                    values = map(lambda x: x.strip(), v.split(','))
                else:
                    values = [v]

                for v in values:
                    if v:
                        key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k + "=" + v)
                    else:
                        key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k)
                    self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)
                    if self.nested_groups:
                        self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', self.to_safe("tag_" + k))
                        if v:
                            self.push_group(self.inventory, self.to_safe("tag_" + k), key)

        # Inventory: Group by engine
        if self.group_by_rds_engine:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("rds_" + instance.engine), hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'rds_engines', self.to_safe("rds_" + instance.engine))

        # Inventory: Group by parameter group
        if self.group_by_rds_parameter_group:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("rds_parameter_group_" + instance.parameter_group.name), hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'rds_parameter_groups', self.to_safe("rds_parameter_group_" + instance.parameter_group.name))

        # Global Tag: instances without tags
        if self.group_by_tag_none and len(instance.tags) == 0:
            self.push(self.inventory, 'tag_none', hostname)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', 'tag_none')

        # Global Tag: all RDS instances
        self.push(self.inventory, 'rds', hostname)

        self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname] = self.get_host_info_dict_from_instance(instance)
        self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname]['ansible_host'] = dest

    def add_elasticache_cluster(self, cluster, region):
        ''' Adds an ElastiCache cluster to the inventory and index, as long as
        it's nodes are addressable '''

        # Only want available clusters unless all_elasticache_clusters is True
        if not self.all_elasticache_clusters and cluster['CacheClusterStatus'] != 'available':
            return

        # Select the best destination address
        if 'ConfigurationEndpoint' in cluster and cluster['ConfigurationEndpoint']:
            # Memcached cluster
            dest = cluster['ConfigurationEndpoint']['Address']
            is_redis = False
        else:
            # Redis sigle node cluster
            # Because all Redis clusters are single nodes, we'll merge the
            # info from the cluster with info about the node
            dest = cluster['CacheNodes'][0]['Endpoint']['Address']
            is_redis = True

        if not dest:
            # Skip clusters we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)
            return

        # Add to index
        self.index[dest] = [region, cluster['CacheClusterId']]

        # Inventory: Group by instance ID (always a group of 1)
        if self.group_by_instance_id:
            self.inventory[cluster['CacheClusterId']] = [dest]
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', cluster['CacheClusterId'])

        # Inventory: Group by region
        if self.group_by_region and not is_redis:
            self.push(self.inventory, region, dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

        # Inventory: Group by availability zone
        if self.group_by_availability_zone and not is_redis:
            self.push(self.inventory, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'], dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                if self.group_by_region:
                    self.push_group(self.inventory, region, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])

        # Inventory: Group by node type
        if self.group_by_instance_type and not is_redis:
            type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + cluster['CacheNodeType'])
            self.push(self.inventory, type_name, dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

        # Inventory: Group by VPC (information not available in the current
        # AWS API version for ElastiCache)

        # Inventory: Group by security group
        if self.group_by_security_group and not is_redis:

            # Check for the existence of the 'SecurityGroups' key and also if
            # this key has some value. When the cluster is not placed in a SG
            # the query can return None here and cause an error.
            if 'SecurityGroups' in cluster and cluster['SecurityGroups'] is not None:
                for security_group in cluster['SecurityGroups']:
                    key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + security_group['SecurityGroupId'])
                    self.push(self.inventory, key, dest)
                    if self.nested_groups:
                        self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)

        # Inventory: Group by engine
        if self.group_by_elasticache_engine and not is_redis:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_" + cluster['Engine']), dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_engines', self.to_safe(cluster['Engine']))

        # Inventory: Group by parameter group
        if self.group_by_elasticache_parameter_group:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_parameter_group_" + cluster['CacheParameterGroup']['CacheParameterGroupName']), dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_parameter_groups', self.to_safe(cluster['CacheParameterGroup']['CacheParameterGroupName']))

        # Inventory: Group by replication group
        if self.group_by_elasticache_replication_group and 'ReplicationGroupId' in cluster and cluster['ReplicationGroupId']:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_replication_group_" + cluster['ReplicationGroupId']), dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_replication_groups', self.to_safe(cluster['ReplicationGroupId']))

        # Global Tag: all ElastiCache clusters
        self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_clusters', cluster['CacheClusterId'])

        host_info = self.get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(cluster)

        self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest] = host_info

        # Add the nodes
        for node in cluster['CacheNodes']:
            self.add_elasticache_node(node, cluster, region)

    def add_elasticache_node(self, node, cluster, region):
        ''' Adds an ElastiCache node to the inventory and index, as long as
        it is addressable '''

        # Only want available nodes unless all_elasticache_nodes is True
        if not self.all_elasticache_nodes and node['CacheNodeStatus'] != 'available':
            return

        # Select the best destination address
        dest = node['Endpoint']['Address']

        if not dest:
            # Skip nodes we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)
            return

        node_id = self.to_safe(cluster['CacheClusterId'] + '_' + node['CacheNodeId'])

        # Add to index
        self.index[dest] = [region, node_id]

        # Inventory: Group by node ID (always a group of 1)
        if self.group_by_instance_id:
            self.inventory[node_id] = [dest]
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', node_id)

        # Inventory: Group by region
        if self.group_by_region:
            self.push(self.inventory, region, dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

        # Inventory: Group by availability zone
        if self.group_by_availability_zone:
            self.push(self.inventory, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'], dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                if self.group_by_region:
                    self.push_group(self.inventory, region, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])

        # Inventory: Group by node type
        if self.group_by_instance_type:
            type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + cluster['CacheNodeType'])
            self.push(self.inventory, type_name, dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

        # Inventory: Group by VPC (information not available in the current
        # AWS API version for ElastiCache)

        # Inventory: Group by security group
        if self.group_by_security_group:

            # Check for the existence of the 'SecurityGroups' key and also if
            # this key has some value. When the cluster is not placed in a SG
            # the query can return None here and cause an error.
            if 'SecurityGroups' in cluster and cluster['SecurityGroups'] is not None:
                for security_group in cluster['SecurityGroups']:
                    key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + security_group['SecurityGroupId'])
                    self.push(self.inventory, key, dest)
                    if self.nested_groups:
                        self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)

        # Inventory: Group by engine
        if self.group_by_elasticache_engine:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_" + cluster['Engine']), dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_engines', self.to_safe("elasticache_" + cluster['Engine']))

        # Inventory: Group by parameter group (done at cluster level)

        # Inventory: Group by replication group (done at cluster level)

        # Inventory: Group by ElastiCache Cluster
        if self.group_by_elasticache_cluster:
            self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_cluster_" + cluster['CacheClusterId']), dest)

        # Global Tag: all ElastiCache nodes
        self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_nodes', dest)

        host_info = self.get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(node)

        if dest in self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"]:
            self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest].update(host_info)
        else:
            self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest] = host_info

    def add_elasticache_replication_group(self, replication_group, region):
        ''' Adds an ElastiCache replication group to the inventory and index '''

        # Only want available clusters unless all_elasticache_replication_groups is True
        if not self.all_elasticache_replication_groups and replication_group['Status'] != 'available':
            return

        # Skip clusters we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet or clustered redis)
        if replication_group['NodeGroups'][0]['PrimaryEndpoint'] is None or \
           replication_group['NodeGroups'][0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Address'] is None:
            return

        # Select the best destination address (PrimaryEndpoint)
        dest = replication_group['NodeGroups'][0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Address']

        # Add to index
        self.index[dest] = [region, replication_group['ReplicationGroupId']]

        # Inventory: Group by ID (always a group of 1)
        if self.group_by_instance_id:
            self.inventory[replication_group['ReplicationGroupId']] = [dest]
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', replication_group['ReplicationGroupId'])

        # Inventory: Group by region
        if self.group_by_region:
            self.push(self.inventory, region, dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

        # Inventory: Group by availability zone (doesn't apply to replication groups)

        # Inventory: Group by node type (doesn't apply to replication groups)

        # Inventory: Group by VPC (information not available in the current
        # AWS API version for replication groups

        # Inventory: Group by security group (doesn't apply to replication groups)
        # Check this value in cluster level

        # Inventory: Group by engine (replication groups are always Redis)
        if self.group_by_elasticache_engine:
            self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_redis', dest)
            if self.nested_groups:
                self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_engines', 'redis')

        # Global Tag: all ElastiCache clusters
        self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_replication_groups', replication_group['ReplicationGroupId'])

        host_info = self.get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(replication_group)

        self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest] = host_info

    def get_route53_records(self):
        ''' Get and store the map of resource records to domain names that
        point to them. '''

        if self.boto_profile:
            r53_conn = route53.Route53Connection(profile_name=self.boto_profile)
        else:
            r53_conn = route53.Route53Connection()
        all_zones = r53_conn.get_zones()

        route53_zones = [zone for zone in all_zones if zone.name[:-1] not in self.route53_excluded_zones]

        self.route53_records = {}

        for zone in route53_zones:
            rrsets = r53_conn.get_all_rrsets(zone.id)

            for record_set in rrsets:
                record_name = record_set.name

                if record_name.endswith('.'):
                    record_name = record_name[:-1]

                for resource in record_set.resource_records:
                    self.route53_records.setdefault(resource, set())
                    self.route53_records[resource].add(record_name)

    def get_instance_route53_names(self, instance):
        ''' Check if an instance is referenced in the records we have from
        Route53. If it is, return the list of domain names pointing to said
        instance. If nothing points to it, return an empty list. '''

        instance_attributes = ['public_dns_name', 'private_dns_name',
                               'ip_address', 'private_ip_address']

        name_list = set()

        for attrib in instance_attributes:
            try:
                value = getattr(instance, attrib)
            except AttributeError:
                continue

            if value in self.route53_records:
                name_list.update(self.route53_records[value])

        return list(name_list)

    def get_host_info_dict_from_instance(self, instance):
        instance_vars = {}
        for key in vars(instance):
            value = getattr(instance, key)
            key = self.to_safe('ec2_' + key)

            # Handle complex types
            # state/previous_state changed to properties in boto in https://github.com/boto/boto/commit/a23c379837f698212252720d2af8dec0325c9518
            if key == 'ec2__state':
                instance_vars['ec2_state'] = instance.state or ''
                instance_vars['ec2_state_code'] = instance.state_code
            elif key == 'ec2__previous_state':
                instance_vars['ec2_previous_state'] = instance.previous_state or ''
                instance_vars['ec2_previous_state_code'] = instance.previous_state_code
            elif isinstance(value, (int, bool)):
                instance_vars[key] = value
            elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
                instance_vars[key] = value.strip()
            elif value is None:
                instance_vars[key] = ''
            elif key == 'ec2_region':
                instance_vars[key] = value.name
            elif key == 'ec2__placement':
                instance_vars['ec2_placement'] = value.zone
            elif key == 'ec2_tags':
                for k, v in value.items():
                    if self.expand_csv_tags and ',' in v:
                        v = list(map(lambda x: x.strip(), v.split(',')))
                    key = self.to_safe('ec2_tag_' + k)
                    instance_vars[key] = v
            elif key == 'ec2_groups':
                group_ids = []
                group_names = []
                for group in value:
                    group_ids.append(group.id)
                    group_names.append(group.name)
                instance_vars["ec2_security_group_ids"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in group_ids])
                instance_vars["ec2_security_group_names"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in group_names])
            elif key == 'ec2_block_device_mapping':
                instance_vars["ec2_block_devices"] = {}
                for k, v in value.items():
                    instance_vars["ec2_block_devices"][os.path.basename(k)] = v.volume_id
            else:
                pass
                # TODO Product codes if someone finds them useful
                # print key
                # print type(value)
                # print value

        instance_vars[self.to_safe('ec2_account_id')] = self.aws_account_id

        return instance_vars

    def get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(self, describe_dict):
        ''' Parses the dictionary returned by the API call into a flat list
            of parameters. This method should be used only when 'describe' is
            used directly because Boto doesn't provide specific classes. '''

        # I really don't agree with prefixing everything with 'ec2'
        # because EC2, RDS and ElastiCache are different services.
        # I'm just following the pattern used until now to not break any
        # compatibility.

        host_info = {}
        for key in describe_dict:
            value = describe_dict[key]
            key = self.to_safe('ec2_' + self.uncammelize(key))

            # Handle complex types

            # Target: Memcached Cache Clusters
            if key == 'ec2_configuration_endpoint' and value:
                host_info['ec2_configuration_endpoint_address'] = value['Address']
                host_info['ec2_configuration_endpoint_port'] = value['Port']

            # Target: Cache Nodes and Redis Cache Clusters (single node)
            if key == 'ec2_endpoint' and value:
                host_info['ec2_endpoint_address'] = value['Address']
                host_info['ec2_endpoint_port'] = value['Port']

            # Target: Redis Replication Groups
            if key == 'ec2_node_groups' and value:
                host_info['ec2_endpoint_address'] = value[0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Address']
                host_info['ec2_endpoint_port'] = value[0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Port']
                replica_count = 0
                for node in value[0]['NodeGroupMembers']:
                    if node['CurrentRole'] == 'primary':
                        host_info['ec2_primary_cluster_address'] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Address']
                        host_info['ec2_primary_cluster_port'] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Port']
                        host_info['ec2_primary_cluster_id'] = node['CacheClusterId']
                    elif node['CurrentRole'] == 'replica':
                        host_info['ec2_replica_cluster_address_' + str(replica_count)] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Address']
                        host_info['ec2_replica_cluster_port_' + str(replica_count)] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Port']
                        host_info['ec2_replica_cluster_id_' + str(replica_count)] = node['CacheClusterId']
                        replica_count += 1

            # Target: Redis Replication Groups
            if key == 'ec2_member_clusters' and value:
                host_info['ec2_member_clusters'] = ','.join([str(i) for i in value])

            # Target: All Cache Clusters
            elif key == 'ec2_cache_parameter_group':
                host_info["ec2_cache_node_ids_to_reboot"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in value['CacheNodeIdsToReboot']])
                host_info['ec2_cache_parameter_group_name'] = value['CacheParameterGroupName']
                host_info['ec2_cache_parameter_apply_status'] = value['ParameterApplyStatus']

            # Target: Almost everything
            elif key == 'ec2_security_groups':

                # Skip if SecurityGroups is None
                # (it is possible to have the key defined but no value in it).
                if value is not None:
                    sg_ids = []
                    for sg in value:
                        sg_ids.append(sg['SecurityGroupId'])
                    host_info["ec2_security_group_ids"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in sg_ids])

            # Target: Everything
            # Preserve booleans and integers
            elif isinstance(value, (int, bool)):
                host_info[key] = value

            # Target: Everything
            # Sanitize string values
            elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
                host_info[key] = value.strip()

            # Target: Everything
            # Replace None by an empty string
            elif value is None:
                host_info[key] = ''

            else:
                # Remove non-processed complex types
                pass

        return host_info

    def get_host_info(self):
        ''' Get variables about a specific host '''

        if len(self.index) == 0:
            # Need to load index from cache
            self.load_index_from_cache()

        if self.args.host not in self.index:
            # try updating the cache
            self.do_api_calls_update_cache()
            if self.args.host not in self.index:
                # host might not exist anymore
                return self.json_format_dict({}, True)

        (region, instance_id) = self.index[self.args.host]

        instance = self.get_instance(region, instance_id)
        return self.json_format_dict(self.get_host_info_dict_from_instance(instance), True)

    def push(self, my_dict, key, element):
        ''' Push an element onto an array that may not have been defined in
        the dict '''
        group_info = my_dict.setdefault(key, [])
        if isinstance(group_info, dict):
            host_list = group_info.setdefault('hosts', [])
            host_list.append(element)
        else:
            group_info.append(element)

    def push_group(self, my_dict, key, element):
        ''' Push a group as a child of another group. '''
        parent_group = my_dict.setdefault(key, {})
        if not isinstance(parent_group, dict):
            parent_group = my_dict[key] = {'hosts': parent_group}
        child_groups = parent_group.setdefault('children', [])
        if element not in child_groups:
            child_groups.append(element)

    def get_inventory_from_cache(self):
        ''' Reads the inventory from the cache file and returns it as a JSON
        object '''

        with open(self.cache_path_cache, 'r') as f:
            json_inventory = f.read()
            return json_inventory

    def load_index_from_cache(self):
        ''' Reads the index from the cache file sets self.index '''

        with open(self.cache_path_index, 'rb') as f:
            self.index = json.load(f)

    def write_to_cache(self, data, filename):
        ''' Writes data in JSON format to a file '''

        json_data = self.json_format_dict(data, True)
        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
            f.write(json_data)

    def uncammelize(self, key):
        temp = re.sub('(.)([A-Z][a-z]+)', r'\1_\2', key)
        return re.sub('([a-z0-9])([A-Z])', r'\1_\2', temp).lower()

    def to_safe(self, word):
        ''' Converts 'bad' characters in a string to underscores so they can be used as Ansible groups '''
        regex = r"[^A-Za-z0-9\_"
        if not self.replace_dash_in_groups:
            regex += r"\-"
        return re.sub(regex + "]", "_", word)

    def json_format_dict(self, data, pretty=False):
        ''' Converts a dict to a JSON object and dumps it as a formatted
        string '''

        if pretty:
            return json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True, indent=2, default=self._json_serial)
        else:
            return json.dumps(data, default=self._json_serial)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Run the script
    Ec2Inventory()

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#!/usr/bin/env python

'''

EC2 external inventory script

=================================

Generates inventory that Ansible can understand by making API request to

AWS EC2 using the Boto library.

NOTE: This script assumes Ansible is being executed where the environment

variables needed for Boto have already been set:

export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID='AK123'

export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY='abc123'

Optional region environment variable if region is 'auto'

This script also assumes that there is an ec2.ini file alongside it. To specify a

different path to ec2.ini, define the EC2_INI_PATH environment variable:

export EC2_INI_PATH=/path/to/my_ec2.ini

If you're using eucalyptus you need to set the above variables and

you need to define:

export EC2_URL=http://hostname_of_your_cc:port/services/Eucalyptus

If you're using boto profiles (requires boto>=2.24.0) you can choose a profile

using the --boto-profile command line argument (e.g. ec2.py --boto-profile prod) or using

the AWS_PROFILE variable:

AWS_PROFILE=prod ansible-playbook -i ec2.py myplaybook.yml

For more details, see: http://docs.pythonboto.org/en/latest/boto_config_tut.html

You can filter for specific EC2 instances by creating an environment variable

named EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS, which has the same format as the instance_filters

entry documented in ec2.ini. For example, to find all hosts whose name begins

with 'webserver', one might use:

export EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS='tag:Name=webserver*'

When run against a specific host, this script returns the following variables:

- ec2_ami_launch_index

- ec2_architecture

- ec2_association

- ec2_attachTime

- ec2_attachment

- ec2_attachmentId

- ec2_block_devices

- ec2_client_token

- ec2_deleteOnTermination

- ec2_description

- ec2_deviceIndex

- ec2_dns_name

- ec2_eventsSet

- ec2_group_name

- ec2_hypervisor

- ec2_id

- ec2_image_id

- ec2_instanceState

- ec2_instance_type

- ec2_ipOwnerId

- ec2_ip_address

- ec2_item

- ec2_kernel

- ec2_key_name

- ec2_launch_time

- ec2_monitored

- ec2_monitoring

- ec2_networkInterfaceId

- ec2_ownerId

- ec2_persistent

- ec2_placement

- ec2_platform

- ec2_previous_state

- ec2_private_dns_name

- ec2_private_ip_address

- ec2_publicIp

- ec2_public_dns_name

- ec2_ramdisk

- ec2_reason

- ec2_region

- ec2_requester_id

- ec2_root_device_name

- ec2_root_device_type

- ec2_security_group_ids

- ec2_security_group_names

- ec2_shutdown_state

- ec2_sourceDestCheck

- ec2_spot_instance_request_id

- ec2_state

- ec2_state_code

- ec2_state_reason

- ec2_status

- ec2_subnet_id

- ec2_tenancy

- ec2_virtualization_type

- ec2_vpc_id

These variables are pulled out of a boto.ec2.instance object. There is a lack of

consistency with variable spellings (camelCase and underscores) since this

just loops through all variables the object exposes. It is preferred to use the

ones with underscores when multiple exist.

In addition, if an instance has AWS tags associated with it, each tag is a new

variable named:

- ec2_tag_[Key] = [Value]

Security groups are comma-separated in 'ec2_security_group_ids' and

'ec2_security_group_names'.

When destination_format and destination_format_tags are specified

the destination_format can be built from the instance tags and attributes.

The behavior will first check the user defined tags, then proceed to

check instance attributes, and finally if neither are found 'nil' will

be used instead.

'my_instance': {

'region': 'us-east-1', # attribute

'availability_zone': 'us-east-1a', # attribute

'private_dns_name': '172.31.0.1', # attribute

'ec2_tag_deployment': 'blue', # tag

'ec2_tag_clusterid': 'ansible', # tag

'ec2_tag_Name': 'webserver', # tag

...

}

Inside of the ec2.ini file the following settings are specified:

...

destination_format: {0}-{1}-{2}-{3}

destination_format_tags: Name,clusterid,deployment,private_dns_name

...

These settings would produce a destination_format as the following:

'webserver-ansible-blue-172.31.0.1'

'''

# This file is part of Ansible,

# Ansible is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify

# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or

# (at your option) any later version.

# Ansible is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the

# GNU General Public License for more details.

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

# along with Ansible. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

######################################################################

import sys

import os

import argparse

import re

from time import time

from copy import deepcopy

from datetime import date, datetime

import boto

from boto import ec2

from boto import rds

from boto import elasticache

from boto import route53

from boto import sts

from ansible.module_utils import six

from ansible.module_utils import ec2 as ec2_utils

from ansible.module_utils.six.moves import configparser

HAS_BOTO3 = False

try:

import boto3 # noqa

HAS_BOTO3 = True

except ImportError:

pass

from collections import defaultdict

import json

DEFAULTS = {

'all_elasticache_clusters': 'False',

'all_elasticache_nodes': 'False',

'all_elasticache_replication_groups': 'False',

'all_instances': 'False',

'all_rds_instances': 'False',

'aws_access_key_id': '',

'aws_secret_access_key': '',

'aws_security_token': '',

'boto_profile': '',

'cache_max_age': '300',

'cache_path': '~/.ansible/tmp',

'destination_variable': 'public_dns_name',

'elasticache': 'True',

'eucalyptus': 'False',

'eucalyptus_host': '',

'expand_csv_tags': 'False',

'group_by_ami_id': 'True',

'group_by_availability_zone': 'True',

'group_by_aws_account': 'False',

'group_by_elasticache_cluster': 'True',

'group_by_elasticache_engine': 'True',

'group_by_elasticache_parameter_group': 'True',

'group_by_elasticache_replication_group': 'True',

'group_by_instance_id': 'True',

'group_by_instance_state': 'False',

'group_by_instance_type': 'True',

'group_by_key_pair': 'True',

'group_by_platform': 'True',

'group_by_rds_engine': 'True',

'group_by_rds_parameter_group': 'True',

'group_by_region': 'True',

'group_by_route53_names': 'True',

'group_by_security_group': 'True',

'group_by_tag_keys': 'True',

'group_by_tag_none': 'True',

'group_by_vpc_id': 'True',

'hostname_variable': '',

'iam_role': '',

'include_rds_clusters': 'False',

'nested_groups': 'False',

'pattern_exclude': '',

'pattern_include': '',

'rds': 'False',

'regions': 'all',

'regions_exclude': 'us-gov-west-1, cn-north-1',

'replace_dash_in_groups': 'True',

'route53': 'False',

'route53_excluded_zones': '',

'route53_hostnames': '',

'stack_filters': 'False',

'vpc_destination_variable': 'ip_address'

}

class Ec2Inventory(object):

def _empty_inventory(self):

return {"_meta": {"hostvars": {}}}

def _json_serial(self, obj):

"""JSON serializer for objects not serializable by default json code"""

if isinstance(obj, (datetime, date)):

return obj.isoformat()

raise TypeError("Type %s not serializable" % type(obj))

def __init__(self):

''' Main execution path '''

# Inventory grouped by instance IDs, tags, security groups, regions,

# and availability zones

self.inventory = self._empty_inventory()

self.aws_account_id = None

# Index of hostname (address) to instance ID

self.index = {}

# Boto profile to use (if any)

self.boto_profile = None

# AWS credentials.

self.credentials = {}

# Read settings and parse CLI arguments

self.parse_cli_args()

self.read_settings()

# Make sure that profile_name is not passed at all if not set

# as pre 2.24 boto will fall over otherwise

if self.boto_profile:

if not hasattr(boto.ec2.EC2Connection, 'profile_name'):

self.fail_with_error("boto version must be >= 2.24 to use profile")

# Cache

if self.args.refresh_cache:

self.do_api_calls_update_cache()

elif not self.is_cache_valid():

self.do_api_calls_update_cache()

# Data to print

if self.args.host:

data_to_print = self.get_host_info()

elif self.args.list:

# Display list of instances for inventory

if self.inventory == self._empty_inventory():

data_to_print = self.get_inventory_from_cache()

else:

data_to_print = self.json_format_dict(self.inventory, True)

print(data_to_print)

def is_cache_valid(self):

''' Determines if the cache files have expired, or if it is still valid '''

if os.path.isfile(self.cache_path_cache):

mod_time = os.path.getmtime(self.cache_path_cache)

current_time = time()

if (mod_time + self.cache_max_age) > current_time:

if os.path.isfile(self.cache_path_index):

return True

return False

def read_settings(self):

''' Reads the settings from the ec2.ini file '''

scriptbasename = __file__

scriptbasename = os.path.basename(scriptbasename)

scriptbasename = scriptbasename.replace('.py', '')

defaults = {

'ec2': {

'ini_fallback': os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'ec2.ini'),

'ini_path': os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '%s.ini' % scriptbasename)

}

if six.PY3:

config = configparser.ConfigParser(DEFAULTS)

else:

config = configparser.SafeConfigParser(DEFAULTS)

ec2_ini_path = os.environ.get('EC2_INI_PATH', defaults['ec2']['ini_path'])

ec2_ini_path = os.path.expanduser(os.path.expandvars(ec2_ini_path))

if not os.path.isfile(ec2_ini_path):

ec2_ini_path = os.path.expanduser(defaults['ec2']['ini_fallback'])

if os.path.isfile(ec2_ini_path):

config.read(ec2_ini_path)

# Add empty sections if they don't exist

try:

config.add_section('ec2')

except configparser.DuplicateSectionError:

pass

try:

config.add_section('credentials')

except configparser.DuplicateSectionError:

pass

# is eucalyptus?

self.eucalyptus = config.getboolean('ec2', 'eucalyptus')

self.eucalyptus_host = config.get('ec2', 'eucalyptus_host')

# Regions

self.regions = []

config_regions = config.get('ec2', 'regions')

if (config_regions == 'all'):

if self.eucalyptus_host:

self.regions.append(boto.connect_euca(host=self.eucalyptus_host).region.name, **self.credentials)

else:

config_regions_exclude = config.get('ec2', 'regions_exclude')

for region_info in ec2.regions():

if region_info.name not in config_regions_exclude:

self.regions.append(region_info.name)

else:

self.regions = config_regions.split(",")

if 'auto' in self.regions:

env_region = os.environ.get('AWS_REGION')

if env_region is None:

env_region = os.environ.get('AWS_DEFAULT_REGION')

self.regions = [env_region]

# Destination addresses

self.destination_variable = config.get('ec2', 'destination_variable')

self.vpc_destination_variable = config.get('ec2', 'vpc_destination_variable')

self.hostname_variable = config.get('ec2', 'hostname_variable')

if config.has_option('ec2', 'destination_format') and \

config.has_option('ec2', 'destination_format_tags'):

self.destination_format = config.get('ec2', 'destination_format')

self.destination_format_tags = config.get('ec2', 'destination_format_tags').split(',')

else:

self.destination_format = None

self.destination_format_tags = None

# Route53

self.route53_enabled = config.getboolean('ec2', 'route53')

self.route53_hostnames = config.get('ec2', 'route53_hostnames')

self.route53_excluded_zones = []

self.route53_excluded_zones = [a for a in config.get('ec2', 'route53_excluded_zones').split(',') if a]

# Include RDS instances?

self.rds_enabled = config.getboolean('ec2', 'rds')

# Include RDS cluster instances?

self.include_rds_clusters = config.getboolean('ec2', 'include_rds_clusters')

# Include ElastiCache instances?

self.elasticache_enabled = config.getboolean('ec2', 'elasticache')

# Return all EC2 instances?

self.all_instances = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_instances')

# Instance states to be gathered in inventory. Default is 'running'.

# Setting 'all_instances' to 'yes' overrides this option.

ec2_valid_instance_states = [

'pending',

'running',

'shutting-down',

'terminated',

'stopping',

'stopped'

]

self.ec2_instance_states = []

if self.all_instances:

self.ec2_instance_states = ec2_valid_instance_states

elif config.has_option('ec2', 'instance_states'):

for instance_state in config.get('ec2', 'instance_states').split(','):

instance_state = instance_state.strip()

if instance_state not in ec2_valid_instance_states:

continue

self.ec2_instance_states.append(instance_state)

else:

self.ec2_instance_states = ['running']

# Return all RDS instances? (if RDS is enabled)

self.all_rds_instances = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_rds_instances')

# Return all ElastiCache replication groups? (if ElastiCache is enabled)

self.all_elasticache_replication_groups = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_elasticache_replication_groups')

# Return all ElastiCache clusters? (if ElastiCache is enabled)

self.all_elasticache_clusters = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_elasticache_clusters')

# Return all ElastiCache nodes? (if ElastiCache is enabled)

self.all_elasticache_nodes = config.getboolean('ec2', 'all_elasticache_nodes')

# boto configuration profile (prefer CLI argument then environment variables then config file)

self.boto_profile = self.args.boto_profile or \

os.environ.get('AWS_PROFILE') or \

config.get('ec2', 'boto_profile')

# AWS credentials (prefer environment variables)

if not (self.boto_profile or os.environ.get('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID') or

os.environ.get('AWS_PROFILE')):

aws_access_key_id = config.get('credentials', 'aws_access_key_id')

aws_secret_access_key = config.get('credentials', 'aws_secret_access_key')

aws_security_token = config.get('credentials', 'aws_security_token')

if aws_access_key_id:

self.credentials = {

'aws_access_key_id': aws_access_key_id,

'aws_secret_access_key': aws_secret_access_key

}

if aws_security_token:

self.credentials['security_token'] = aws_security_token

# Cache related

cache_dir = os.path.expanduser(config.get('ec2', 'cache_path'))

if self.boto_profile:

cache_dir = os.path.join(cache_dir, 'profile_' + self.boto_profile)

if not os.path.exists(cache_dir):

os.makedirs(cache_dir)

cache_name = 'ansible-ec2'

cache_id = self.boto_profile or os.environ.get('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID', self.credentials.get('aws_access_key_id'))

if cache_id:

cache_name = '%s-%s' % (cache_name, cache_id)

cache_name += '-' + str(abs(hash(__file__)))[1:7]

self.cache_path_cache = os.path.join(cache_dir, "%s.cache" % cache_name)

self.cache_path_index = os.path.join(cache_dir, "%s.index" % cache_name)

self.cache_max_age = config.getint('ec2', 'cache_max_age')

self.expand_csv_tags = config.getboolean('ec2', 'expand_csv_tags')

# Configure nested groups instead of flat namespace.

self.nested_groups = config.getboolean('ec2', 'nested_groups')

# Replace dash or not in group names

self.replace_dash_in_groups = config.getboolean('ec2', 'replace_dash_in_groups')

# IAM role to assume for connection

self.iam_role = config.get('ec2', 'iam_role')

# Configure which groups should be created.

group_by_options = [a for a in DEFAULTS if a.startswith('group_by')]

for option in group_by_options:

setattr(self, option, config.getboolean('ec2', option))

# Do we need to just include hosts that match a pattern?

self.pattern_include = config.get('ec2', 'pattern_include')

if self.pattern_include:

self.pattern_include = re.compile(self.pattern_include)

# Do we need to exclude hosts that match a pattern?

self.pattern_exclude = config.get('ec2', 'pattern_exclude')

if self.pattern_exclude:

self.pattern_exclude = re.compile(self.pattern_exclude)

# Do we want to stack multiple filters?

self.stack_filters = config.getboolean('ec2', 'stack_filters')

# Instance filters (see boto and EC2 API docs). Ignore invalid filters.

self.ec2_instance_filters = []

if config.has_option('ec2', 'instance_filters') or 'EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS' in os.environ:

filters = os.getenv('EC2_INSTANCE_FILTERS', config.get('ec2', 'instance_filters') if config.has_option('ec2', 'instance_filters') else '')

if self.stack_filters and '&' in filters:

self.fail_with_error("AND filters along with stack_filter enabled is not supported.\n")

filter_sets = [f for f in filters.split(',') if f]

for filter_set in filter_sets:

filters = {}

filter_set = filter_set.strip()

for instance_filter in filter_set.split("&"):

instance_filter = instance_filter.strip()

if not instance_filter or '=' not in instance_filter:

continue

filter_key, filter_value = [x.strip() for x in instance_filter.split('=', 1)]

if not filter_key:

continue

filters[filter_key] = filter_value

self.ec2_instance_filters.append(filters.copy())

def parse_cli_args(self):

''' Command line argument processing '''

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Produce an Ansible Inventory file based on EC2')

parser.add_argument('--list', action='store_true', default=True,

help='List instances (default: True)')

parser.add_argument('--host', action='store',

help='Get all the variables about a specific instance')

parser.add_argument('--refresh-cache', action='store_true', default=False,

help='Force refresh of cache by making API requests to EC2 (default: False - use cache files)')

parser.add_argument('--profile', '--boto-profile', action='store', dest='boto_profile',

help='Use boto profile for connections to EC2')

self.args = parser.parse_args()

def do_api_calls_update_cache(self):

''' Do API calls to each region, and save data in cache files '''

if self.route53_enabled:

self.get_route53_records()

for region in self.regions:

self.get_instances_by_region(region)

if self.rds_enabled:

self.get_rds_instances_by_region(region)

if self.elasticache_enabled:

self.get_elasticache_clusters_by_region(region)

self.get_elasticache_replication_groups_by_region(region)

if self.include_rds_clusters:

self.include_rds_clusters_by_region(region)

self.write_to_cache(self.inventory, self.cache_path_cache)

self.write_to_cache(self.index, self.cache_path_index)

def connect(self, region):

''' create connection to api server'''

if self.eucalyptus:

conn = boto.connect_euca(host=self.eucalyptus_host, **self.credentials)

conn.APIVersion = '2010-08-31'

else:

conn = self.connect_to_aws(ec2, region)

return conn

def boto_fix_security_token_in_profile(self, connect_args):

''' monkey patch for boto issue boto/boto#2100 '''

profile = 'profile ' + self.boto_profile

if boto.config.has_option(profile, 'aws_security_token'):

connect_args['security_token'] = boto.config.get(profile, 'aws_security_token')

return connect_args

def connect_to_aws(self, module, region):

connect_args = deepcopy(self.credentials)

# only pass the profile name if it's set (as it is not supported by older boto versions)

if self.boto_profile:

connect_args['profile_name'] = self.boto_profile

self.boto_fix_security_token_in_profile(connect_args)

elif os.environ.get('AWS_SESSION_TOKEN'):

connect_args['security_token'] = os.environ.get('AWS_SESSION_TOKEN')

if self.iam_role:

sts_conn = sts.connect_to_region(region, **connect_args)

role = sts_conn.assume_role(self.iam_role, 'ansible_dynamic_inventory')

connect_args['aws_access_key_id'] = role.credentials.access_key

connect_args['aws_secret_access_key'] = role.credentials.secret_key

connect_args['security_token'] = role.credentials.session_token

conn = module.connect_to_region(region, **connect_args)

# connect_to_region will fail "silently" by returning None if the region name is wrong or not supported

if conn is None:

self.fail_with_error("region name: %s likely not supported, or AWS is down. connection to region failed." % region)

return conn

def get_instances_by_region(self, region):

''' Makes an AWS EC2 API call to the list of instances in a particular

region '''

try:

conn = self.connect(region)

reservations = []

if self.ec2_instance_filters:

if self.stack_filters:

filters_dict = {}

for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:

filters_dict.update(filters)

reservations.extend(conn.get_all_instances(filters=filters_dict))

else:

for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:

reservations.extend(conn.get_all_instances(filters=filters))

else:

reservations = conn.get_all_instances()

# Pull the tags back in a second step

# AWS are on record as saying that the tags fetched in the first `get_all_instances` request are not

# reliable and may be missing, and the only way to guarantee they are there is by calling `get_all_tags`

instance_ids = []

for reservation in reservations:

instance_ids.extend([instance.id for instance in reservation.instances])

max_filter_value = 199

tags = []

for i in range(0, len(instance_ids), max_filter_value):

tags.extend(conn.get_all_tags(filters={'resource-type': 'instance', 'resource-id': instance_ids[i:i + max_filter_value]}))

tags_by_instance_id = defaultdict(dict)

for tag in tags:

tags_by_instance_id[tag.res_id][tag.name] = tag.value

if (not self.aws_account_id) and reservations:

self.aws_account_id = reservations[0].owner_id

for reservation in reservations:

for instance in reservation.instances:

instance.tags = tags_by_instance_id[instance.id]

self.add_instance(instance, region)

except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:

if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':

error = self.get_auth_error_message()

else:

backend = 'Eucalyptus' if self.eucalyptus else 'AWS'

error = "Error connecting to %s backend.\n%s" % (backend, e.message)

self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting EC2 instances')

def tags_match_filters(self, tags):

''' return True if given tags match configured filters '''

if not self.ec2_instance_filters:

return True

for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:

for filter_name, filter_value in filters.items():

if filter_name[:4] != 'tag:':

continue

filter_name = filter_name[4:]

if filter_name not in tags:

if self.stack_filters:

return False

continue

if isinstance(filter_value, list):

if self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] not in filter_value:

return False

if not self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] in filter_value:

return True

if isinstance(filter_value, six.string_types):

if self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] != filter_value:

return False

if not self.stack_filters and tags[filter_name] == filter_value:

return True

return self.stack_filters

def get_rds_instances_by_region(self, region):

''' Makes an AWS API call to the list of RDS instances in a particular

region '''

if not HAS_BOTO3:

self.fail_with_error("Working with RDS instances requires boto3 - please install boto3 and try again",

"getting RDS instances")

client = ec2_utils.boto3_inventory_conn('client', 'rds', region, **self.credentials)

db_instances = client.describe_db_instances()

try:

conn = self.connect_to_aws(rds, region)

if conn:

marker = None

while True:

instances = conn.get_all_dbinstances(marker=marker)

marker = instances.marker

for index, instance in enumerate(instances):

# Add tags to instances.

instance.arn = db_instances['DBInstances'][index]['DBInstanceArn']

tags = client.list_tags_for_resource(ResourceName=instance.arn)['TagList']

instance.tags = {}

for tag in tags:

instance.tags[tag['Key']] = tag['Value']

if self.tags_match_filters(instance.tags):

self.add_rds_instance(instance, region)

if not marker:

break

except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:

error = e.reason

if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':

error = self.get_auth_error_message()

elif e.error_code == "OptInRequired":

error = "RDS hasn't been enabled for this account yet. " \

"You must either log in to the RDS service through the AWS console to enable it, " \

"or set 'rds = False' in ec2.ini"

elif not e.reason == "Forbidden":

error = "Looks like AWS RDS is down:\n%s" % e.message

self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting RDS instances')

def include_rds_clusters_by_region(self, region):

if not HAS_BOTO3:

self.fail_with_error("Working with RDS clusters requires boto3 - please install boto3 and try again",

"getting RDS clusters")

client = ec2_utils.boto3_inventory_conn('client', 'rds', region, **self.credentials)

marker, clusters = '', []

while marker is not None:

resp = client.describe_db_clusters(Marker=marker)

clusters.extend(resp["DBClusters"])

marker = resp.get('Marker', None)

account_id = boto.connect_iam().get_user().arn.split(':')[4]

c_dict = {}

for c in clusters:

if not self.ec2_instance_filters:

matches_filter = True

else:

matches_filter = False

try:

# arn:aws:rds:<region>:<account number>:<resourcetype>:<name>

tags = client.list_tags_for_resource(

ResourceName='arn:aws:rds:' + region + ':' + account_id + ':cluster:' + c['DBClusterIdentifier'])

c['Tags'] = tags['TagList']

if self.ec2_instance_filters:

for filters in self.ec2_instance_filters:

for filter_key, filter_values in filters.items():

# get AWS tag key e.g. tag:env will be 'env'

tag_name = filter_key.split(":", 1)[1]

# Filter values is a list (if you put multiple values for the same tag name)

matches_filter = any(d['Key'] == tag_name and d['Value'] in filter_values for d in c['Tags'])

if matches_filter:

# it matches a filter, so stop looking for further matches

break

if matches_filter:

break

except Exception as e:

if e.message.find('DBInstanceNotFound') >= 0:

# AWS RDS bug (2016-01-06) means deletion does not fully complete and leave an 'empty' cluster.

# Ignore errors when trying to find tags for these

pass

# ignore empty clusters caused by AWS bug

if len(c['DBClusterMembers']) == 0:

continue

elif matches_filter:

c_dict[c['DBClusterIdentifier']] = c

self.inventory['db_clusters'] = c_dict

def get_elasticache_clusters_by_region(self, region):

''' Makes an AWS API call to the list of ElastiCache clusters (with

nodes' info) in a particular region.'''

# ElastiCache boto module doesn't provide a get_all_instances method,

# that's why we need to call describe directly (it would be called by

# the shorthand method anyway...)

clusters = []

try:

conn = self.connect_to_aws(elasticache, region)

if conn:

# show_cache_node_info = True

# because we also want nodes' information

_marker = 1

while _marker:

if _marker == 1:

_marker = None

response = conn.describe_cache_clusters(None, None, _marker, True)

_marker = response['DescribeCacheClustersResponse']['DescribeCacheClustersResult']['Marker']

try:

# Boto also doesn't provide wrapper classes to CacheClusters or

# CacheNodes. Because of that we can't make use of the get_list

# method in the AWSQueryConnection. Let's do the work manually

clusters = clusters + response['DescribeCacheClustersResponse']['DescribeCacheClustersResult']['CacheClusters']

except KeyError as e:

error = "ElastiCache query to AWS failed (unexpected format)."

self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')

except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:

error = e.reason

if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':

error = self.get_auth_error_message()

elif e.error_code == "OptInRequired":

error = "ElastiCache hasn't been enabled for this account yet. " \

"You must either log in to the ElastiCache service through the AWS console to enable it, " \

"or set 'elasticache = False' in ec2.ini"

elif not e.reason == "Forbidden":

error = "Looks like AWS ElastiCache is down:\n%s" % e.message

self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')

for cluster in clusters:

self.add_elasticache_cluster(cluster, region)

def get_elasticache_replication_groups_by_region(self, region):

''' Makes an AWS API call to the list of ElastiCache replication groups

in a particular region.'''

# ElastiCache boto module doesn't provide a get_all_instances method,

# that's why we need to call describe directly (it would be called by

# the shorthand method anyway...)

try:

conn = self.connect_to_aws(elasticache, region)

if conn:

response = conn.describe_replication_groups()

except boto.exception.BotoServerError as e:

error = e.reason

if e.error_code == 'AuthFailure':

error = self.get_auth_error_message()

if not e.reason == "Forbidden":

error = "Looks like AWS ElastiCache [Replication Groups] is down:\n%s" % e.message

self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')

try:

# Boto also doesn't provide wrapper classes to ReplicationGroups

# Because of that we can't make use of the get_list method in the

# AWSQueryConnection. Let's do the work manually

replication_groups = response['DescribeReplicationGroupsResponse']['DescribeReplicationGroupsResult']['ReplicationGroups']

except KeyError as e:

error = "ElastiCache [Replication Groups] query to AWS failed (unexpected format)."

self.fail_with_error(error, 'getting ElastiCache clusters')

for replication_group in replication_groups:

self.add_elasticache_replication_group(replication_group, region)

def get_auth_error_message(self):

''' create an informative error message if there is an issue authenticating'''

errors = ["Authentication error retrieving ec2 inventory."]

if None in [os.environ.get('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'), os.environ.get('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY')]:

errors.append(' - No AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID or AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment vars found')

else:

errors.append(' - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY environment vars found but may not be correct')

boto_paths = ['/etc/boto.cfg', '~/.boto', '~/.aws/credentials']

boto_config_found = [p for p in boto_paths if os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser(p))]

if len(boto_config_found) > 0:

errors.append(" - Boto configs found at '%s', but the credentials contained may not be correct" % ', '.join(boto_config_found))

else:

errors.append(" - No Boto config found at any expected location '%s'" % ', '.join(boto_paths))

return '\n'.join(errors)

def fail_with_error(self, err_msg, err_operation=None):

'''log an error to std err for ansible-playbook to consume and exit'''

if err_operation:

err_msg = 'ERROR: "{err_msg}", while: {err_operation}'.format(

err_msg=err_msg, err_operation=err_operation)

sys.stderr.write(err_msg)

sys.exit(1)

def get_instance(self, region, instance_id):

conn = self.connect(region)

reservations = conn.get_all_instances([instance_id])

for reservation in reservations:

for instance in reservation.instances:

return instance

def add_instance(self, instance, region):

''' Adds an instance to the inventory and index, as long as it is

addressable '''

# Only return instances with desired instance states

if instance.state not in self.ec2_instance_states:

return

# Select the best destination address

# When destination_format and destination_format_tags are specified

# the following code will attempt to find the instance tags first,

# then the instance attributes next, and finally if neither are found

# assign nil for the desired destination format attribute.

if self.destination_format and self.destination_format_tags:

dest_vars = []

inst_tags = getattr(instance, 'tags')

for tag in self.destination_format_tags:

if tag in inst_tags:

dest_vars.append(inst_tags[tag])

elif hasattr(instance, tag):

dest_vars.append(getattr(instance, tag))

else:

dest_vars.append('nil')

dest = self.destination_format.format(*dest_vars)

elif instance.subnet_id:

dest = getattr(instance, self.vpc_destination_variable, None)

if dest is None:

dest = getattr(instance, 'tags').get(self.vpc_destination_variable, None)

else:

dest = getattr(instance, self.destination_variable, None)

if dest is None:

dest = getattr(instance, 'tags').get(self.destination_variable, None)

if not dest:

# Skip instances we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)

return

# Set the inventory name

hostname = None

if self.hostname_variable:

if self.hostname_variable.startswith('tag_'):

hostname = instance.tags.get(self.hostname_variable[4:], None)

else:

hostname = getattr(instance, self.hostname_variable)

# set the hostname from route53

if self.route53_enabled and self.route53_hostnames:

route53_names = self.get_instance_route53_names(instance)

for name in route53_names:

if name.endswith(self.route53_hostnames):

hostname = name

# If we can't get a nice hostname, use the destination address

if not hostname:

hostname = dest

# to_safe strips hostname characters like dots, so don't strip route53 hostnames

elif self.route53_enabled and self.route53_hostnames and hostname.endswith(self.route53_hostnames):

hostname = hostname.lower()

else:

hostname = self.to_safe(hostname).lower()

# if we only want to include hosts that match a pattern, skip those that don't

if self.pattern_include and not self.pattern_include.match(hostname):

return

# if we need to exclude hosts that match a pattern, skip those

if self.pattern_exclude and self.pattern_exclude.match(hostname):

return

# Add to index

self.index[hostname] = [region, instance.id]

# Inventory: Group by instance ID (always a group of 1)

if self.group_by_instance_id:

self.inventory[instance.id] = [hostname]

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', instance.id)

# Inventory: Group by region

if self.group_by_region:

self.push(self.inventory, region, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

# Inventory: Group by availability zone

if self.group_by_availability_zone:

self.push(self.inventory, instance.placement, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

if self.group_by_region:

self.push_group(self.inventory, region, instance.placement)

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', instance.placement)

# Inventory: Group by Amazon Machine Image (AMI) ID

if self.group_by_ami_id:

ami_id = self.to_safe(instance.image_id)

self.push(self.inventory, ami_id, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'images', ami_id)

# Inventory: Group by instance type

if self.group_by_instance_type:

type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + instance.instance_type)

self.push(self.inventory, type_name, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

# Inventory: Group by instance state

if self.group_by_instance_state:

state_name = self.to_safe('instance_state_' + instance.state)

self.push(self.inventory, state_name, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instance_states', state_name)

# Inventory: Group by platform

if self.group_by_platform:

if instance.platform:

platform = self.to_safe('platform_' + instance.platform)

else:

platform = self.to_safe('platform_undefined')

self.push(self.inventory, platform, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'platforms', platform)

# Inventory: Group by key pair

if self.group_by_key_pair and instance.key_name:

key_name = self.to_safe('key_' + instance.key_name)

self.push(self.inventory, key_name, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'keys', key_name)

# Inventory: Group by VPC

if self.group_by_vpc_id and instance.vpc_id:

vpc_id_name = self.to_safe('vpc_id_' + instance.vpc_id)

self.push(self.inventory, vpc_id_name, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'vpcs', vpc_id_name)

# Inventory: Group by security group

if self.group_by_security_group:

try:

for group in instance.groups:

key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + group.name)

self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)

except AttributeError:

self.fail_with_error('\n'.join(['Package boto seems a bit older.',

'Please upgrade boto >= 2.3.0.']))

# Inventory: Group by AWS account ID

if self.group_by_aws_account:

self.push(self.inventory, self.aws_account_id, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'accounts', self.aws_account_id)

# Inventory: Group by tag keys

if self.group_by_tag_keys:

for k, v in instance.tags.items():

if self.expand_csv_tags and v and ',' in v:

values = map(lambda x: x.strip(), v.split(','))

else:

values = [v]

for v in values:

if v:

key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k + "=" + v)

else:

key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k)

self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', self.to_safe("tag_" + k))

if v:

self.push_group(self.inventory, self.to_safe("tag_" + k), key)

# Inventory: Group by Route53 domain names if enabled

if self.route53_enabled and self.group_by_route53_names:

route53_names = self.get_instance_route53_names(instance)

for name in route53_names:

self.push(self.inventory, name, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'route53', name)

# Global Tag: instances without tags

if self.group_by_tag_none and len(instance.tags) == 0:

self.push(self.inventory, 'tag_none', hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', 'tag_none')

# Global Tag: tag all EC2 instances

self.push(self.inventory, 'ec2', hostname)

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname] = self.get_host_info_dict_from_instance(instance)

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname]['ansible_host'] = dest

def add_rds_instance(self, instance, region):

''' Adds an RDS instance to the inventory and index, as long as it is

addressable '''

# Only want available instances unless all_rds_instances is True

if not self.all_rds_instances and instance.status != 'available':

return

# Select the best destination address

dest = instance.endpoint[0]

if not dest:

# Skip instances we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)

return

# Set the inventory name

hostname = None

if self.hostname_variable:

if self.hostname_variable.startswith('tag_'):

hostname = instance.tags.get(self.hostname_variable[4:], None)

else:

hostname = getattr(instance, self.hostname_variable)

# If we can't get a nice hostname, use the destination address

if not hostname:

hostname = dest

hostname = self.to_safe(hostname).lower()

# Add to index

self.index[hostname] = [region, instance.id]

# Inventory: Group by instance ID (always a group of 1)

if self.group_by_instance_id:

self.inventory[instance.id] = [hostname]

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', instance.id)

# Inventory: Group by region

if self.group_by_region:

self.push(self.inventory, region, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

# Inventory: Group by availability zone

if self.group_by_availability_zone:

self.push(self.inventory, instance.availability_zone, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

if self.group_by_region:

self.push_group(self.inventory, region, instance.availability_zone)

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', instance.availability_zone)

# Inventory: Group by instance type

if self.group_by_instance_type:

type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + instance.instance_class)

self.push(self.inventory, type_name, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

# Inventory: Group by VPC

if self.group_by_vpc_id and instance.subnet_group and instance.subnet_group.vpc_id:

vpc_id_name = self.to_safe('vpc_id_' + instance.subnet_group.vpc_id)

self.push(self.inventory, vpc_id_name, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'vpcs', vpc_id_name)

# Inventory: Group by security group

if self.group_by_security_group:

try:

if instance.security_group:

key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + instance.security_group.name)

self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)

except AttributeError:

self.fail_with_error('\n'.join(['Package boto seems a bit older.',

'Please upgrade boto >= 2.3.0.']))

# Inventory: Group by tag keys

if self.group_by_tag_keys:

for k, v in instance.tags.items():

if self.expand_csv_tags and v and ',' in v:

values = map(lambda x: x.strip(), v.split(','))

else:

values = [v]

for v in values:

if v:

key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k + "=" + v)

else:

key = self.to_safe("tag_" + k)

self.push(self.inventory, key, hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', self.to_safe("tag_" + k))

if v:

self.push_group(self.inventory, self.to_safe("tag_" + k), key)

# Inventory: Group by engine

if self.group_by_rds_engine:

self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("rds_" + instance.engine), hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'rds_engines', self.to_safe("rds_" + instance.engine))

# Inventory: Group by parameter group

if self.group_by_rds_parameter_group:

self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("rds_parameter_group_" + instance.parameter_group.name), hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'rds_parameter_groups', self.to_safe("rds_parameter_group_" + instance.parameter_group.name))

# Global Tag: instances without tags

if self.group_by_tag_none and len(instance.tags) == 0:

self.push(self.inventory, 'tag_none', hostname)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'tags', 'tag_none')

# Global Tag: all RDS instances

self.push(self.inventory, 'rds', hostname)

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname] = self.get_host_info_dict_from_instance(instance)

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][hostname]['ansible_host'] = dest

def add_elasticache_cluster(self, cluster, region):

''' Adds an ElastiCache cluster to the inventory and index, as long as

it's nodes are addressable '''

# Only want available clusters unless all_elasticache_clusters is True

if not self.all_elasticache_clusters and cluster['CacheClusterStatus'] != 'available':

return

# Select the best destination address

if 'ConfigurationEndpoint' in cluster and cluster['ConfigurationEndpoint']:

# Memcached cluster

dest = cluster['ConfigurationEndpoint']['Address']

is_redis = False

else:

# Redis sigle node cluster

# Because all Redis clusters are single nodes, we'll merge the

# info from the cluster with info about the node

dest = cluster['CacheNodes'][0]['Endpoint']['Address']

is_redis = True

if not dest:

# Skip clusters we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)

return

# Add to index

self.index[dest] = [region, cluster['CacheClusterId']]

# Inventory: Group by instance ID (always a group of 1)

if self.group_by_instance_id:

self.inventory[cluster['CacheClusterId']] = [dest]

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', cluster['CacheClusterId'])

# Inventory: Group by region

if self.group_by_region and not is_redis:

self.push(self.inventory, region, dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

# Inventory: Group by availability zone

if self.group_by_availability_zone and not is_redis:

self.push(self.inventory, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'], dest)

if self.nested_groups:

if self.group_by_region:

self.push_group(self.inventory, region, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])

# Inventory: Group by node type

if self.group_by_instance_type and not is_redis:

type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + cluster['CacheNodeType'])

self.push(self.inventory, type_name, dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

# Inventory: Group by VPC (information not available in the current

# AWS API version for ElastiCache)

# Inventory: Group by security group

if self.group_by_security_group and not is_redis:

# Check for the existence of the 'SecurityGroups' key and also if

# this key has some value. When the cluster is not placed in a SG

# the query can return None here and cause an error.

if 'SecurityGroups' in cluster and cluster['SecurityGroups'] is not None:

for security_group in cluster['SecurityGroups']:

key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + security_group['SecurityGroupId'])

self.push(self.inventory, key, dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)

# Inventory: Group by engine

if self.group_by_elasticache_engine and not is_redis:

self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_" + cluster['Engine']), dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_engines', self.to_safe(cluster['Engine']))

# Inventory: Group by parameter group

if self.group_by_elasticache_parameter_group:

self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_parameter_group_" + cluster['CacheParameterGroup']['CacheParameterGroupName']), dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_parameter_groups', self.to_safe(cluster['CacheParameterGroup']['CacheParameterGroupName']))

# Inventory: Group by replication group

if self.group_by_elasticache_replication_group and 'ReplicationGroupId' in cluster and cluster['ReplicationGroupId']:

self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_replication_group_" + cluster['ReplicationGroupId']), dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_replication_groups', self.to_safe(cluster['ReplicationGroupId']))

# Global Tag: all ElastiCache clusters

self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_clusters', cluster['CacheClusterId'])

host_info = self.get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(cluster)

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest] = host_info

# Add the nodes

for node in cluster['CacheNodes']:

self.add_elasticache_node(node, cluster, region)

def add_elasticache_node(self, node, cluster, region):

''' Adds an ElastiCache node to the inventory and index, as long as

it is addressable '''

# Only want available nodes unless all_elasticache_nodes is True

if not self.all_elasticache_nodes and node['CacheNodeStatus'] != 'available':

return

# Select the best destination address

dest = node['Endpoint']['Address']

if not dest:

# Skip nodes we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet)

return

node_id = self.to_safe(cluster['CacheClusterId'] + '_' + node['CacheNodeId'])

# Add to index

self.index[dest] = [region, node_id]

# Inventory: Group by node ID (always a group of 1)

if self.group_by_instance_id:

self.inventory[node_id] = [dest]

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', node_id)

# Inventory: Group by region

if self.group_by_region:

self.push(self.inventory, region, dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

# Inventory: Group by availability zone

if self.group_by_availability_zone:

self.push(self.inventory, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'], dest)

if self.nested_groups:

if self.group_by_region:

self.push_group(self.inventory, region, cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'zones', cluster['PreferredAvailabilityZone'])

# Inventory: Group by node type

if self.group_by_instance_type:

type_name = self.to_safe('type_' + cluster['CacheNodeType'])

self.push(self.inventory, type_name, dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'types', type_name)

# Inventory: Group by VPC (information not available in the current

# AWS API version for ElastiCache)

# Inventory: Group by security group

if self.group_by_security_group:

# Check for the existence of the 'SecurityGroups' key and also if

# this key has some value. When the cluster is not placed in a SG

# the query can return None here and cause an error.

if 'SecurityGroups' in cluster and cluster['SecurityGroups'] is not None:

for security_group in cluster['SecurityGroups']:

key = self.to_safe("security_group_" + security_group['SecurityGroupId'])

self.push(self.inventory, key, dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'security_groups', key)

# Inventory: Group by engine

if self.group_by_elasticache_engine:

self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_" + cluster['Engine']), dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_engines', self.to_safe("elasticache_" + cluster['Engine']))

# Inventory: Group by parameter group (done at cluster level)

# Inventory: Group by replication group (done at cluster level)

# Inventory: Group by ElastiCache Cluster

if self.group_by_elasticache_cluster:

self.push(self.inventory, self.to_safe("elasticache_cluster_" + cluster['CacheClusterId']), dest)

# Global Tag: all ElastiCache nodes

self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_nodes', dest)

host_info = self.get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(node)

if dest in self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"]:

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest].update(host_info)

else:

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest] = host_info

def add_elasticache_replication_group(self, replication_group, region):

''' Adds an ElastiCache replication group to the inventory and index '''

# Only want available clusters unless all_elasticache_replication_groups is True

if not self.all_elasticache_replication_groups and replication_group['Status'] != 'available':

return

# Skip clusters we cannot address (e.g. private VPC subnet or clustered redis)

if replication_group['NodeGroups'][0]['PrimaryEndpoint'] is None or \

replication_group['NodeGroups'][0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Address'] is None:

return

# Select the best destination address (PrimaryEndpoint)

dest = replication_group['NodeGroups'][0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Address']

# Add to index

self.index[dest] = [region, replication_group['ReplicationGroupId']]

# Inventory: Group by ID (always a group of 1)

if self.group_by_instance_id:

self.inventory[replication_group['ReplicationGroupId']] = [dest]

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'instances', replication_group['ReplicationGroupId'])

# Inventory: Group by region

if self.group_by_region:

self.push(self.inventory, region, dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'regions', region)

# Inventory: Group by availability zone (doesn't apply to replication groups)

# Inventory: Group by node type (doesn't apply to replication groups)

# Inventory: Group by VPC (information not available in the current

# AWS API version for replication groups

# Inventory: Group by security group (doesn't apply to replication groups)

# Check this value in cluster level

# Inventory: Group by engine (replication groups are always Redis)

if self.group_by_elasticache_engine:

self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_redis', dest)

if self.nested_groups:

self.push_group(self.inventory, 'elasticache_engines', 'redis')

# Global Tag: all ElastiCache clusters

self.push(self.inventory, 'elasticache_replication_groups', replication_group['ReplicationGroupId'])

host_info = self.get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(replication_group)

self.inventory["_meta"]["hostvars"][dest] = host_info

def get_route53_records(self):

''' Get and store the map of resource records to domain names that

point to them. '''

if self.boto_profile:

r53_conn = route53.Route53Connection(profile_name=self.boto_profile)

else:

r53_conn = route53.Route53Connection()

all_zones = r53_conn.get_zones()

route53_zones = [zone for zone in all_zones if zone.name[:-1] not in self.route53_excluded_zones]

self.route53_records = {}

for zone in route53_zones:

rrsets = r53_conn.get_all_rrsets(zone.id)

for record_set in rrsets:

record_name = record_set.name

if record_name.endswith('.'):

record_name = record_name[:-1]

for resource in record_set.resource_records:

self.route53_records.setdefault(resource, set())

self.route53_records[resource].add(record_name)

def get_instance_route53_names(self, instance):

''' Check if an instance is referenced in the records we have from

Route53. If it is, return the list of domain names pointing to said

instance. If nothing points to it, return an empty list. '''

instance_attributes = ['public_dns_name', 'private_dns_name',

'ip_address', 'private_ip_address']

name_list = set()

for attrib in instance_attributes:

try:

value = getattr(instance, attrib)

except AttributeError:

continue

if value in self.route53_records:

name_list.update(self.route53_records[value])

return list(name_list)

def get_host_info_dict_from_instance(self, instance):

instance_vars = {}

for key in vars(instance):

value = getattr(instance, key)

key = self.to_safe('ec2_' + key)

# Handle complex types

# state/previous_state changed to properties in boto in https://github.com/boto/boto/commit/a23c379837f698212252720d2af8dec0325c9518

if key == 'ec2__state':

instance_vars['ec2_state'] = instance.state or ''

instance_vars['ec2_state_code'] = instance.state_code

elif key == 'ec2__previous_state':

instance_vars['ec2_previous_state'] = instance.previous_state or ''

instance_vars['ec2_previous_state_code'] = instance.previous_state_code

elif isinstance(value, (int, bool)):

instance_vars[key] = value

elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):

instance_vars[key] = value.strip()

elif value is None:

instance_vars[key] = ''

elif key == 'ec2_region':

instance_vars[key] = value.name

elif key == 'ec2__placement':

instance_vars['ec2_placement'] = value.zone

elif key == 'ec2_tags':

for k, v in value.items():

if self.expand_csv_tags and ',' in v:

v = list(map(lambda x: x.strip(), v.split(',')))

key = self.to_safe('ec2_tag_' + k)

instance_vars[key] = v

elif key == 'ec2_groups':

group_ids = []

group_names = []

for group in value:

group_ids.append(group.id)

group_names.append(group.name)

instance_vars["ec2_security_group_ids"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in group_ids])

instance_vars["ec2_security_group_names"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in group_names])

elif key == 'ec2_block_device_mapping':

instance_vars["ec2_block_devices"] = {}

for k, v in value.items():

instance_vars["ec2_block_devices"][os.path.basename(k)] = v.volume_id

else:

pass

# TODO Product codes if someone finds them useful

# print key

# print type(value)

# print value

instance_vars[self.to_safe('ec2_account_id')] = self.aws_account_id

return instance_vars

def get_host_info_dict_from_describe_dict(self, describe_dict):

''' Parses the dictionary returned by the API call into a flat list

of parameters. This method should be used only when 'describe' is

used directly because Boto doesn't provide specific classes. '''

# I really don't agree with prefixing everything with 'ec2'

# because EC2, RDS and ElastiCache are different services.

# I'm just following the pattern used until now to not break any

# compatibility.

host_info = {}

for key in describe_dict:

value = describe_dict[key]

key = self.to_safe('ec2_' + self.uncammelize(key))

# Handle complex types

# Target: Memcached Cache Clusters

if key == 'ec2_configuration_endpoint' and value:

host_info['ec2_configuration_endpoint_address'] = value['Address']

host_info['ec2_configuration_endpoint_port'] = value['Port']

# Target: Cache Nodes and Redis Cache Clusters (single node)

if key == 'ec2_endpoint' and value:

host_info['ec2_endpoint_address'] = value['Address']

host_info['ec2_endpoint_port'] = value['Port']

# Target: Redis Replication Groups

if key == 'ec2_node_groups' and value:

host_info['ec2_endpoint_address'] = value[0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Address']

host_info['ec2_endpoint_port'] = value[0]['PrimaryEndpoint']['Port']

replica_count = 0

for node in value[0]['NodeGroupMembers']:

if node['CurrentRole'] == 'primary':

host_info['ec2_primary_cluster_address'] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Address']

host_info['ec2_primary_cluster_port'] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Port']

host_info['ec2_primary_cluster_id'] = node['CacheClusterId']

elif node['CurrentRole'] == 'replica':

host_info['ec2_replica_cluster_address_' + str(replica_count)] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Address']

host_info['ec2_replica_cluster_port_' + str(replica_count)] = node['ReadEndpoint']['Port']

host_info['ec2_replica_cluster_id_' + str(replica_count)] = node['CacheClusterId']

replica_count += 1

# Target: Redis Replication Groups

if key == 'ec2_member_clusters' and value:

host_info['ec2_member_clusters'] = ','.join([str(i) for i in value])

# Target: All Cache Clusters

elif key == 'ec2_cache_parameter_group':

host_info["ec2_cache_node_ids_to_reboot"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in value['CacheNodeIdsToReboot']])

host_info['ec2_cache_parameter_group_name'] = value['CacheParameterGroupName']

host_info['ec2_cache_parameter_apply_status'] = value['ParameterApplyStatus']

# Target: Almost everything

elif key == 'ec2_security_groups':

# Skip if SecurityGroups is None

# (it is possible to have the key defined but no value in it).

if value is not None:

sg_ids = []

for sg in value:

sg_ids.append(sg['SecurityGroupId'])

host_info["ec2_security_group_ids"] = ','.join([str(i) for i in sg_ids])

# Target: Everything

# Preserve booleans and integers

elif isinstance(value, (int, bool)):

host_info[key] = value

# Target: Everything

# Sanitize string values

elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):

host_info[key] = value.strip()

# Target: Everything

# Replace None by an empty string

elif value is None:

host_info[key] = ''

else:

# Remove non-processed complex types

pass

return host_info

def get_host_info(self):

''' Get variables about a specific host '''

if len(self.index) == 0:

# Need to load index from cache

self.load_index_from_cache()

if self.args.host not in self.index:

# try updating the cache

self.do_api_calls_update_cache()

if self.args.host not in self.index:

# host might not exist anymore

return self.json_format_dict({}, True)

(region, instance_id) = self.index[self.args.host]

instance = self.get_instance(region, instance_id)

return self.json_format_dict(self.get_host_info_dict_from_instance(instance), True)

def push(self, my_dict, key, element):

''' Push an element onto an array that may not have been defined in

the dict '''

group_info = my_dict.setdefault(key, [])

if isinstance(group_info, dict):

host_list = group_info.setdefault('hosts', [])

host_list.append(element)

else:

group_info.append(element)

def push_group(self, my_dict, key, element):

''' Push a group as a child of another group. '''

parent_group = my_dict.setdefault(key, {})

if not isinstance(parent_group, dict):

parent_group = my_dict[key] = {'hosts': parent_group}

child_groups = parent_group.setdefault('children', [])

if element not in child_groups:

child_groups.append(element)

def get_inventory_from_cache(self):

''' Reads the inventory from the cache file and returns it as a JSON

object '''

with open(self.cache_path_cache, 'r') as f:

json_inventory = f.read()

return json_inventory

def load_index_from_cache(self):

''' Reads the index from the cache file sets self.index '''

with open(self.cache_path_index, 'rb') as f:

self.index = json.load(f)

def write_to_cache(self, data, filename):

''' Writes data in JSON format to a file '''

json_data = self.json_format_dict(data, True)

with open(filename, 'w') as f:

f.write(json_data)

def uncammelize(self, key):

temp = re.sub('(.)([A-Z][a-z]+)', r'\1_\2', key)

return re.sub('([a-z0-9])([A-Z])', r'\1_\2', temp).lower()

def to_safe(self, word):

''' Converts 'bad' characters in a string to underscores so they can be used as Ansible groups '''

regex = r"[^A-Za-z0-9\_"

if not self.replace_dash_in_groups:

regex += r"\-"

return re.sub(regex + "]", "_", word)

def json_format_dict(self, data, pretty=False):

''' Converts a dict to a JSON object and dumps it as a formatted

string '''

if pretty:

return json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True, indent=2, default=self._json_serial)

else:

return json.dumps(data, default=self._json_serial)

if __name__ == '__main__':

# Run the script

Ec2Inventory()

How to fix different times in Dual boot mode ( Windows and Linux)

Your PC stores the time in a hardware clock on its motherboard. The clock keeps track of time, even when the computer is off. By default, Windows assumes the time is stored in local time, while Linux assumes the time is stored in UTC time and applies an offset. This leads to one of your operating systems showing the wrong time in a dual boot situation.

To fix this, you have two options: Disable RTC in Linux, or make Windows use UTC time. Don’t follow both steps of instructions or they still won’t be speaking the same language! We recommend you make Linux use local time, if possible.

1. Disable RTC on Linux

timedatectl set-local-rtc 1 --adjust-system-clock

OR

2. Use UTC in windows

How to use ipset command on linux to block bulk IPs

ipset is a companion application for the iptables Linux firewall. It allows you to setup rules to quickly and easily block a set of IP addresses, among other things.

Installation

Debian based system

# apt install ipset

Redhat based system

# yum install ipset

Blocking a list of network

Start by creating a new “set” of network addresses. This creates a new “hash” set of “net” network addresses named “myset”.

# ipset create myset hash:net

1	# ipset create myset hash:net

# ipset -N myset nethash

1	# ipset -N myset nethash

Add any IP address that you’d like to block to the set.

# ipset add myset 14.144.0.0/12
# ipset add myset 27.8.0.0/13
# ipset add myset 58.16.0.0/15
# ipset add myset 1.1.1.0/24

# ipset add myset 14.144.0.0/12

# ipset add myset 27.8.0.0/13

# ipset add myset 58.16.0.0/15

# ipset add myset 1.1.1.0/24

Finally, configure iptables to block any address in that set. This command will add a rule to the top of the “INPUT” chain to “-m” match the set named “myset” from ipset (–match-set) when it’s a “src” packet and “DROP”, or block, it.

# iptables -I INPUT -m set --match-set myset src -j DROP

1	# iptables -I INPUT -m set --match-set myset src -j DROP

Blocking a list of IP addresses

Start by creating a new “set” of ip addresses. This creates a new “hash” set of “ip” addresses named “myset-ip”.

# ipset create myset-ip hash:ip

1	# ipset create myset-ip hash:ip

# ipset -N myset-ip iphash

1	# ipset -N myset-ip iphash

Add any IP address that you’d like to block to the set.

# ipset add myset-ip 1.1.1.1
# ipset add myset-ip 2.2.2.2

1 2	# ipset add myset-ip 1.1.1.1 # ipset add myset-ip 2.2.2.2

Finally, configure iptables to block any address in that set.

# iptables -I INPUT -m set --match-set myset-ip src -j DROP

1	# iptables -I INPUT -m set --match-set myset-ip src -j DROP

Making ipset persistent

The ipset you have created is stored in memory and will be gone after reboot. To make the ipset persistent you have to do the followings:

First save the ipset to /etc/ipset.conf:

# ipset save > /etc/ipset.conf

1	# ipset save > /etc/ipset.conf

Then enable ipset.service, which works similarly to iptables.service for restoring iptables rules.

Other Commands

To view the sets:

# ipset list

1	# ipset list

# ipset -L

1	# ipset -L

To delete a set named “myset”:

# ipset destroy myset

1	# ipset destroy myset

# ipset -X myset

1	# ipset -X myset

To delete all sets:

# ipset destroy

1	# ipset destroy

How to configure IPsec/L2TP VPN Clients on Linux

After setting up your own VPN server, follow these steps to configure your devices. In case you are unable to connect, first, check to make sure the VPN credentials were entered correctly.

Commands must be run as root on your VPN client.

To set up the VPN client, first install the following packages:

# For Ubuntu & Debian
apt-get update
apt-get -y install strongswan xl2tpd

# For RHEL/CentOS
yum -y install epel-release
yum --enablerepo=epel -y install strongswan xl2tpd

yum -y install strongswan xl2tpd

				
					
				1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

						# For Ubuntu & Debian
apt-get update
apt-get -y install strongswan xl2tpd
 
# For RHEL/CentOS
yum -y install epel-release
yum --enablerepo=epel -y install strongswan xl2tpd
 
yum -y install strongswan xl2tpd

					

			

Create VPN variables (replace with actual values):

VPN_SERVER_IP=your_vpn_server_ip
VPN_IPSEC_PSK=your_ipsec_pre_shared_key
VPN_USER=your_vpn_username
VPN_PASSWORD=your_vpn_password

				
					
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						VPN_SERVER_IP=your_vpn_server_ip
VPN_IPSEC_PSK=your_ipsec_pre_shared_key
VPN_USER=your_vpn_username
VPN_PASSWORD=your_vpn_password

					

			

Configure strongSwan:

cat > /etc/ipsec.conf <<EOF
# ipsec.conf - strongSwan IPsec configuration file

# basic configuration

config setup
  # strictcrlpolicy=yes
  # uniqueids = no

# Add connections here.

# Sample VPN connections

conn %default
  ikelifetime=60m
  keylife=20m
  rekeymargin=3m
  keyingtries=1
  keyexchange=ikev1
  authby=secret
  ike=aes128-sha1-modp2048!
  esp=aes128-sha1-modp2048!

conn myvpn
  keyexchange=ikev1
  left=%defaultroute
  auto=add
  authby=secret
  type=transport
  leftprotoport=17/1701
  rightprotoport=17/1701
  right=$VPN_SERVER_IP
EOF

cat > /etc/ipsec.secrets <<EOF
: PSK "$VPN_IPSEC_PSK"
EOF

chmod 600 /etc/ipsec.secrets

# For CentOS/RHEL & Fedora ONLY
mv /etc/strongswan/ipsec.conf /etc/strongswan/ipsec.conf.old 2>/dev/null
mv /etc/strongswan/ipsec.secrets /etc/strongswan/ipsec.secrets.old 2>/dev/null
ln -s /etc/ipsec.conf /etc/strongswan/ipsec.conf
ln -s /etc/ipsec.secrets /etc/strongswan/ipsec.secrets

				
					
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						cat > /etc/ipsec.conf <<EOF
# ipsec.conf - strongSwan IPsec configuration file
 
# basic configuration
 
config setup
  # strictcrlpolicy=yes
  # uniqueids = no
 
# Add connections here.
 
# Sample VPN connections
 
conn %default
  ikelifetime=60m
  keylife=20m
  rekeymargin=3m
  keyingtries=1
  keyexchange=ikev1
  authby=secret
  ike=aes128-sha1-modp2048!
  esp=aes128-sha1-modp2048!
 
conn myvpn
  keyexchange=ikev1
  left=%defaultroute
  auto=add
  authby=secret
  type=transport
  leftprotoport=17/1701
  rightprotoport=17/1701
  right=$VPN_SERVER_IP
EOF
 
cat > /etc/ipsec.secrets <<EOF
: PSK "$VPN_IPSEC_PSK"
EOF
 
chmod 600 /etc/ipsec.secrets
 
# For CentOS/RHEL & Fedora ONLY
mv /etc/strongswan/ipsec.conf /etc/strongswan/ipsec.conf.old 2>/dev/null
mv /etc/strongswan/ipsec.secrets /etc/strongswan/ipsec.secrets.old 2>/dev/null
ln -s /etc/ipsec.conf /etc/strongswan/ipsec.conf
ln -s /etc/ipsec.secrets /etc/strongswan/ipsec.secrets

					

			

Configure xl2tpd:

cat > /etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf <<EOF
[lac myvpn]
lns = $VPN_SERVER_IP
ppp debug = yes
pppoptfile = /etc/ppp/options.l2tpd.client
length bit = yes
EOF

cat > /etc/ppp/options.l2tpd.client <<EOF
ipcp-accept-local
ipcp-accept-remote
refuse-eap
require-chap
noccp
noauth
mtu 1280
mru 1280
noipdefault
defaultroute
usepeerdns
connect-delay 5000
name $VPN_USER
password $VPN_PASSWORD
EOF

chmod 600 /etc/ppp/options.l2tpd.client

				
					
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						cat > /etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf <<EOF
[lac myvpn]
lns = $VPN_SERVER_IP
ppp debug = yes
pppoptfile = /etc/ppp/options.l2tpd.client
length bit = yes
EOF
 
cat > /etc/ppp/options.l2tpd.client <<EOF
ipcp-accept-local
ipcp-accept-remote
refuse-eap
require-chap
noccp
noauth
mtu 1280
mru 1280
noipdefault
defaultroute
usepeerdns
connect-delay 5000
name $VPN_USER
password $VPN_PASSWORD
EOF
 
chmod 600 /etc/ppp/options.l2tpd.client

					

			

The VPN client setup is now complete. Follow the steps below to connect.

Note: You must repeat all steps below every time you try to connect to the VPN.

Create xl2tpd control file:

mkdir -p /var/run/xl2tpd
touch /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control

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						mkdir -p /var/run/xl2tpd
touch /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control

Restart services:

service strongswan restart
service xl2tpd restart

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						service strongswan restart
service xl2tpd restart

Start the IPsec connection:

# Ubuntu & Debian
ipsec up myvpn

# CentOS/RHEL & Fedora
strongswan up myvpn

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						# Ubuntu & Debian
ipsec up myvpn
 
# CentOS/RHEL & Fedora
strongswan up myvpn

Start the L2TP connection:

echo "c myvpn" > /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control

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						echo "c myvpn" > /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control

Run ifconfig and check the output. You should now see a new interface ppp0.

Check your existing default route:

ip route

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						ip route

Find this line in the output: default via X.X.X.X .... Write down this gateway IP for use in the two commands below.

Exclude your VPN server’s IP from the new default route (replace with actual value):

route add YOUR_VPN_SERVER_IP gw X.X.X.X

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						route add YOUR_VPN_SERVER_IP gw X.X.X.X

If your VPN client is a remote server, you must also exclude your Local PC’s public IP from the new default route, to prevent your SSH session from being disconnected (replace with actual value):

route add YOUR_LOCAL_PC_PUBLIC_IP gw X.X.X.X

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						route add YOUR_LOCAL_PC_PUBLIC_IP gw X.X.X.X

Add a new default route to start routing traffic via the VPN server：

route add default dev ppp0

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						route add default dev ppp0

The VPN connection is now complete. Verify that your traffic is being routed properly:

wget -qO- http://ipv4.icanhazip.com; echo

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						wget -qO- http://ipv4.icanhazip.com; echo

The above command should return Your VPN Server IP.

To stop routing traffic via the VPN server:

route del default dev ppp0

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						route del default dev ppp0

To disconnect:

# Ubuntu & Debian
echo "d myvpn" > /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control
ipsec down myvpn

# CentOS/RHEL & Fedora
echo "d myvpn" > /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control
strongswan down myvpn

				
					
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						# Ubuntu & Debian
echo "d myvpn" > /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control
ipsec down myvpn
 
# CentOS/RHEL & Fedora
echo "d myvpn" > /var/run/xl2tpd/l2tp-control
strongswan down myvpn

					

			